Evaluation of stress,
anxiety, and depression among workers of one copper mine in Kerman Province,
Iran, in 2014
Firoozi chahak A,
MSc1, Beheshti MH, MSc1*, Alinaghi Langari AA, MSc2, Laal F, MSc3
1- Faculty Member, Dept. of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Gonabad University
of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran. 2-
Faculty Member, Dept. of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Bam University of
Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran. 3- Faculty Member, Health promotion
research center, Zahedan University of medical sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Received: January 2016, Accepted:
April 2016
Background: The workers of mines, during a
working day, are exposed to stress and psychological pressure that certainly
affect the efficiency of their work. This study aimed to determine the level
of stress, anxiety, and depression in workers of one copper mine in Kerman
Province, Iran. Materials
and Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, 250 workers of the operation unit of one
copper mine in Kerman Province were examined in 2014. Sampling was done using
census method and data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and
Stress Scale (DASS), the validity and reliability of which has been approved.
This questionnaire consists of 21 questions that are divided into 3 subscales
on depression, anxiety, and stress each containing 7 questions. Data analysis
was performed in SPSS software using the Pearson correlation, Spearman’s
correlation, and regression tests. Results: The mean age and work
experience of subjects were 31.82 ± 8.61 and 6.67± 5.79 years, respectively.
Moreover, the education level of 45 individuals (18%) was below diploma, 85
(34%) diploma, 46 (18.4%) associate degree, and 74 (29.6%) bachelor's degree
or higher. Furthermore, 194 subjects (65%) were married. In addition, 135
subjects (54%) worked only on day shifts and 115 (46%) of them had shift
work. In this study, 98 (39.2%), 88 (34.8%), and 88 (35.2%) employees
suffered from depression, anxiety, and moderate and severe stress,
respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between
subjects who worked on day shifts and those who had shift works in terms of
stress, depression, and anxiety. In addition, significant relationships were
observed between stress, depression, and anxiety in the 4 study groups (P
˂ 0.005). Conclusions: The results of this study
showed that the rate of stress, anxiety, and depression was high among the
examined mine workers. |
Keywords: Depression, Anxiety, Stress,
Mining.
Introduction
The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that four hundred million people in the world
suffer from anxiety (more than other mental disorders). Thus, among mental disorders,
anxiety disorders are the most common. The use of preventive measures at an
early stage and complete treatment of anxiety are of great importance (1).
According to the
investigation conducted by Shantz, currently, stress and depression are the second
most common diseases, after heart disease, in the workplace (2). Today, with
the development of technology and the widespread use of hazardous materials,
which are the causes of accidents that result in heavy human, economic, and
environmental losses, the presence and role of human resources has been
highlighted*
in industrial workplaces (3). In other words, industrialization is like
a double-edged sword; it helps economic, health, and welfare promotion, but
also causes disability or death in humans. This issue is more evident in
developing countries in which working is accompanied with excessive pressure in
order to increase production, regardless of preventive safety principles,
standards, working hours, training of workers, use of suitable personal
protective equipment, and etcetera. For example, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) reported the annual global incidence of 270 million
occupational accidents leading to loss of more than 3 working days in 2009.
Iran is a developing country, and thus, is not exempt from this rule (4).
Anxiety is an unpleasant and vague sensation of fear and worry and is often
associated with an unknown origin and uncertainty, helplessness, and
physiological excitation (5).
All individuals
may be anxious at times, but chronic, severe, and unusual anxiety is
problematic and is the cause of depression. However, regardless of genetic and
congenital factors, the cause of stress and anxiety in acute cases is the
living environment of individuals and in most cases is related to social
interaction and occupation (6). The words stress and anxiety are used to
describe moods and feelings in everyday life.
Anxiety occurs
when individuals experience stressful situations for a long period of time or
frequently. Under such circumstances, the body becomes strained and vulnerable
to physical and mental disorders, such as anxiety (7).
Depression is a
set of various psychological states the effects of which range from fatigue to
silence and avoidance of everyday activities. Chronic anxiety is one of the
numerous factors of depression. The high prevalence of anxiety is due to the
lack of primary prevention, early diagnosis, and timely control. (8).
Individuals who work in stressful environments such as underground mines are at
risk of distress. Their work environment is often stressful and demanding;
thus, if they lack the adequate mental and physical preparedness, they will be
extremely vulnerable. Factors such as lack of sleep or irregular sleep-wake
rhythm, and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) that result in burnout are the
most common of these damages (7). In this study, workers of the operation unit
of a copper mine have been examined to evaluate of stress, anxiety, and
depression among workers of copper mine.
Material and Methods
This
cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2014 to
assess the level of stress, anxiety, and depression among workers of a copper
mine in Kerman Province, Iran. Sampling was performed using census method. The
study population consisted of all of the operation unit. The inclusion criteria
included the willingness to participate in the research, previous work
experience in the operation unit, and lack of simultaneous participation in a
similar study.
The researcher explained the design and goals
of the study to the participants and assured them that participation in the
project was voluntary and all information would be considered confidential. He
also explained that if they wished the results would be delivered to the operation
unit. All those who completed the questionnaire were entered into the study.
Data were
collected using a two-part questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire
consisted of 7 questions on the demographic characteristics of the study
population including place of work, education, work experience, age, marital
status, type of work, and gender. The second part consisted of the Depression,
Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) that measures the emotional response of
workers. The DASS-21 was designed by Lovibond in 1995. Each item in the DASS-21
is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3 (normal, low, medium,
and severe). This scale has two forms. The short form consists of 21 items,
which evaluate the psychological constructs of depression, anxiety, and stress
(7 items each). The long form contains 42 items; every 14 items measure an act
or psychological dimension. The short form was validated for the Iranian
population by Sahebi et al. (9). Crawford and Henry, in a study on 1,771 cases
in England, compared this tool with other related tools of depression and
anxiety (10). They reported the reliability of this tool using Cronbach's alpha
in the subscales of depression, anxiety, and stress as 0.95, 0.90, and 0.93,
respectively. They also reported that the correlation coefficient for total
score of the scale was 0.97 (10). Moreover, Moradipanah et al., in their study
in Iran, confirmed the validity of this tool (11). They reported the Cronbach's
alpha of depression, anxiety, and stress subscales as 0.94, 0.92, and 0.82,
respectively (11).
Total scores were
calculated for each person and percentage score was obtained through dividing
the received score by the maximum possible score. Data were entered into a
computer after collection and analyzed using SPSS software (version 16, SPSS
Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To determine the relationship between the severity of
the main factors and demographic characteristics, the Pearson correlation,
Spearman’s correlation, and regression test were used.
Table
1: Frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress among staff
Frequency Emotional reaction |
Normal |
Low |
Medium |
Sever |
||||
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
|
Depression |
34 |
18.0 |
83 |
42.8 |
70 |
36.0 |
6 |
3.2 |
35 |
18.4 |
91 |
46.8 |
61 |
31.6 |
6 |
3.2 |
|
Stress |
37 |
18.8 |
90 |
46.0 |
61 |
31.6 |
7 |
3.6 |
Results
The study
population consisted of 250 personnel (contractual, contracting, and official
workers) of the operation unit. In this study, mean and standard deviation of
participants’ age was 31.82 ± 8.61. Mean and standard deviation of their work
experience was 6.67 ± 5.97. Furthermore, the education level of 18% of subjects
was below high school diploma, 34% diploma, 4.18% associate degree, and 6.29%
bachelor's degree or higher. In terms of marital status, 22.4% of participants
were single and 77.6% were married. In addition, 54% of subjects worked only on
day shifts and 46% of them had shift work. Table 1 shows the frequency of
depression, anxiety, and stress (emotional response) among the participants. As
can be seen in this table, 32.9%, 34.8%, and 35.2% of employees, respectively,
suffered from depression, anxiety, and stress at moderate to severe levels.
Table 2: Descriptive indicators of occupational stress
based on demographic data
Statistical
test results |
Sum |
Severe |
Medium |
Normal and low |
Stress intensity |
||||||||||||
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
Demographic
characteristics |
||||||||||
P ˂ 0.001 |
194 |
4.63 |
9 |
35.05 |
68 |
60.30 |
117 |
Married |
Marital status |
||||||||
56 |
0 |
0 |
5.67 |
11 |
23.19 |
45 |
Single |
||||||||||
P ˂ 0.05 |
45 |
0 |
0 |
7.21 |
14 |
15.97 |
31 |
Below diploma |
Education |
||||||||
85 |
1.30 |
2 |
13.91 |
27 |
28.86 |
56 |
Diploma |
||||||||||
46 |
2.60 |
4 |
5.67 |
11 |
15.97 |
31 |
Associate Degree |
||||||||||
74 |
1.54 |
3 |
13.91 |
27 |
18.04 |
35 |
Bachelor's degree and higher |
||||||||||
P ˂ 0.001 |
135 |
1.54 |
3 |
20.61 |
40 |
47.42 |
92 |
Day shift |
Working hours |
||||||||
115 |
4.63 |
9 |
28.35 |
55 |
26.28 |
51 |
Shift work |
||||||||||
Table 3: Descriptive indicators of occupational depression based on
demographic data
Statistical
test results |
Sum |
Severe |
Medium |
Normal and low |
Stress intensity |
||||
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
Demographic
characteristics |
||
P ˂ 0.001 |
194 |
3.60 |
7 |
42.26 |
82 |
54.12 |
105 |
Married |
Marital status |
56 |
0.51 |
1 |
4.12 |
8 |
24.22 |
47 |
Single |
||
P ˂ 0.05 |
45 |
0 |
0 |
10.30 |
20 |
12.88 |
25 |
Below diploma |
Education |
85 |
0.51 |
1 |
14.94 |
29 |
28.35 |
55 |
Diploma |
||
46 |
2.06 |
4 |
5.15 |
10 |
16.49 |
32 |
Associate Degree |
||
74 |
1.54 |
3 |
15.97 |
31 |
20.61 |
40 |
Bachelor's degree and higher |
||
P ˂ 0.001 |
135 |
0.51 |
1 |
19.58 |
38 |
49.48 |
96 |
Day shift |
Working hours |
115 |
1.03 |
2 |
29 |
57 |
28.86 |
56 |
Shift work |
As shown in tables
2, 3, and 4, there were differences in terms of stress, depression, and anxiety
between married and single individuals. No significant relationship was
observed between stress, depression, and anxiety in the 4 study groups (P
˂ 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the subjects who
worked on day shifts and those who had shift work regarding stress, depression,
and anxiety
(P ˂ 0.001).
Table 4: Descriptive indicators of occupational anxiety
based on demographic data
Statistical
test results |
Sum |
Severe |
Medium |
Normal and low |
Stress intensity |
||||
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
Demographic
characteristics |
||
P ˂ 0.001 |
194 |
4.12 |
8 |
34.53 |
67 |
61.34 |
119 |
Married |
Marital status |
56 |
0 |
0 |
6.18 |
12 |
22.68 |
44 |
Single |
||
P ˂ 0.05 |
45 |
0 |
0 |
9.27 |
18 |
13.91 |
27 |
Below diploma |
Education |
85 |
0 |
0 |
13.40 |
26 |
30.41 |
59 |
Diploma |
||
46 |
2.06 |
4 |
5.15 |
10 |
16.49 |
32 |
Associate Degree |
||
74 |
2.06 |
4 |
12.88 |
25 |
23.19 |
45 |
Bachelor's degree and higher |
||
P ˂ 0.001 |
135 |
1.03 |
2 |
18.04 |
35 |
50.51 |
98 |
Day shift |
Working hours |
115 |
1.54 |
3 |
30.92 |
60 |
26.80 |
52 |
Shift work |
There was a
statistically significant relationship between age and the level of stress,
depression, and anxiety (P < 0.001) (Table 5).
Table 5: Comparison
of occupational stress, depression, and anxiety in terms of age (in years)
P-value |
df |
F |
Mean ± SD |
No |
Age |
|
P ˂ 0.001 |
3 |
17.94 |
28.62 ± 5.3 |
162 |
Normal and low |
Occupational stress |
35.25 ± 8.93 |
79 |
Medium |
||||
41.55 ± 13.97 |
9 |
Severe |
||||
P ˂ 0.001 |
3 |
23.62 |
28.14 ± 6.4 |
152 |
Normal and low |
Occupational depression |
35.73 ± 8.31 |
90 |
Medium |
||||
43.12 ± 14.06 |
8 |
Severe |
||||
P ˂ 0.001 |
3 |
23.62 |
28.4 ± 6.42 |
163 |
Normal and low |
Occupational
anxiety |
35.17 ± 8.6 |
79 |
Medium |
||||
46.75 ± 12.36 |
8 |
Severe |
Discussion
This study aimed
to evaluate stress, anxiety, and depression in workers of the operation unit of
a copper mine in Kerman Province in 2014. The results showed that 39.2%, 34.8%,
and 35.2% of employees suffered from depression, anxiety, and stress at
moderate to severe levels, respectively. This is due to the stressful nature of
work in the mines. Factors such as inappropriate environment, lack of a stable
work environment, lack of employment security, unbearable physical environment,
and unfamiliarity with ways of dealing with stress are the cause of workers’
high scores in stress, anxiety, and depression. This issue was illustrated
clearly in several studies that were performed in the field of stress in mines
(12,13). According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
in America, 40% of workers reported that their job was extremely stressful, and
26% of workers stated that they were often under pressure due to their jobs (14,
15). Psychological stress in the workplace includes stress factors that impact
the mental health of workers, and are able to damage their job function and
safety. A review of studies in the field of mental health status in individuals
of 15 years of age and older in Iran indicates that on average about 21% of the
population suffer from mental disorders (16). Moreover, women have higher
vulnerability to these disorders than men (16). Thus, mental health is defined
as the ability to be flexible in difficult situations and to achieve mental
balance in any situation (8). In a study that was conducted by Shinar, human
behavior was identified as the main cause of most accidents (17). Many studies
have shown that occupational stress is the cause of occupational accidents. For
example, Norris et al., in their study, observed a significant association
between stress levels of and accident by employees (18). A study in England
found that more than 500 thousand workers suffer from occupational stress and
it is the second leading cause of absenteeism from work (19, 20). Some jobs are
inherently stressful, and thus, cause anxiety. Wang et al., in their study on
the mental health of workers, reported occupational stress as a very important
factor in the development of mental disorders (21). Moreover, Hashemzadeh, in
his study of time management behavior and occupational stress among supervisors
of the surgical department, stated that 46.6% of subjects had moderate stress (17).
The results of the present study showed that age had a statistical relationship
with depression, anxiety, and stress; so that with the increasing of age,
stress, depression, and anxiety also increased.
This finding corresponds with the study by Babalhavaeji (17) and Lotfizadeh (22), but is inconsistent with the results of the studies by Goudarzi (23) and Khaghanizadeh (16).
Aghaee et al. reported a relationship between stress and anxiety (24). The studies of McMah (25) and Malakooti (19) also confirmed the relationship between stress, and depression and anxiety.
The results of this study showed that marital status was associated with depression. This finding is consistent with results of the study by Smith that showed employed single women are more likely to develop depression than employed married women (31). Furthermore, Assadzandi found a significant relationship between depression and marital status (17). In this regard, we can say that married individuals experience considerably less feelings of depression because they receive more support from their families.
In the present study, there was a significant relationship between stress and anxiety that was consistent with previous studies (9). This finding was also in agreement with research results by Richey et al., who reported that nurses experience high levels of stress in their daily life (10). In a study by Smith on stress among nurses, nursing occupation-related stress factors consisted of facing mortality, dealing with colleagues, lack of readiness to deal with patients’ emotional problems, lack of support for the organization, workload, and lack of job promotion (32). Burch (24) and Wong (27) reported in their study that individuals with shift work have a higher occupational stress that is consistent with the results of this study . Disturbance of the circadian cycle due to shift work impairs the secretion of enzymes, and this causes stress. In addition, one of the causes of high stress in shift workers was less resting time (22, 28).
In the present study, no significant relationship was found between education and stress, depression, and anxiety that was consistent with the findings of Abedi and Lotfizadeh (29). The results of the study by Ofili indicated that low education level is a stress factor (30). This was not consistent with the present study results. We can prevent accidents and physical and mental illnesses by applying individuals to stressful jobs accurately. It is suggested that workers receive training on methods of coping with stress.
Conclusion
According to the results of this study, ultimately 40% of the employees suffered from depression, anxiety, and stress at moderate to severe levels. The results of this study showed that stress, anxiety, and depression were at a high level among the examined miners.
Acknowledgments
The authors
are grateful to faculty members of the Department of Occupational Health and
all managers and staff of the studied copper mine in Kerman Province for their
assistance in this project.
Conflict of interests: None declared.
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* Corresponding
author: Mohammad Hossein Beheshti, Dept. of
Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences,
Gonabad, Iran.
Email:
beheshtihasan8@gmail.com