The health system
response to Eltor cholera outbreak: an experience in Iran
Ghomian Z, PhD1, Yousef Nezhad
S, MSc2*, Jahangiri K, PhD3, Khodadadizadeh A, MSc4
1-
Assistant Prof., Dept. of Health in Emergencies and Disaster, School of Health,
Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran. 2- PhD Candidate, Dept. of Health in Emergencies and Disaster, School of
Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran. 3- Associate
Professor., Dept. of Health in Emergencies and Disaster, School of Health,
Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran. 4- Faculty
Member, Dept. of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences,
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Abstract Received:
July
2016, Accepted:
October 2016
Background: Following the outbreak of
eltor cholera in Iraq’s Kurdistan,
Iran was threatened through the western border. Therefore, the aim of
the present study was to evaluate the health system response of Marivan city
in Kurdistan Province (Iran) as a risky gateway for the outbreak of eltor
cholera epidemic in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study
was implemented in Marivan in October 2012
in 6 steps with different methods of data gathering including situation
analysis, and document and literature review. Case finding is important in
controlling disease outbreak. We mention to case finding in the health system.in Marivan city. Results: During the Eltor epidemic in
Marivan, Control measures, training actions, and
coordination measures had been within and outside the organization such as
the health system, municipality, police, industries,
mine and trade,
terminals and transportation, local radio, agriculture, and
water and sewerage. To
create an intersectional coordination for disease control, job description of
the offices was issued by the governor to them, and the health system
response was appropriate and timely in controlling the Eltor epidemic. Conclusions:
After the
outbreak of Eltor in Iraq and following the announcement of standby status by
Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical
Education (MOHME), the health system of Marivan took steps to deal
with the Eltor epidemic. We proposed the improvement of control measures and
organizational coordination to control the probable outbreak. The appropriate
strategies were presented to improve the performance of the health system and
treatment in similar situations. |
Keywords: Epidemic, Cholera, Outbreak, Health
Care System, Response
Introduction
Eltor cholera is a
potential epidemic disease that is under the surveillance system of Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Educationý
(MOHME) and should be reported immediately. This bacterial disease is
caused by Vibrio cholera (1). V. cholera is defined as endemic in Iran. In most
cases, the disease was reported in patients coming from the eastern borders of
the country. Such outbreaks were reported in the provinces of Sistan and
Baluchestan, Khorasan, Kerman, and Golestan (Iran) (2).
In the National
Health Care System of Iran, various measures are taken for the immediate
detection and prevention of the occurrence and spread of epidemic diseases, in*
particular eltor cholera. Among infectious diseases, the prevention and control
of this disease has found a high priority (3, 4).
Eltor cholera has affected many individuals
and has negative social, economic, and political consequences; therefore, it is
expected that the health care system at all levels be prepared for its prevention
and control (5, 6). Therefore, planning as a function of preparedness phase in
the outbreak management cycle is very important to effective response to and
controlling of the situation (7, 8).
In
October 2012, after the eltor cholera outbreak in Iraq’s Kurdistan,
Iran’s MOHME announced an emergency situation in cities, including Marivan, at
the western borders. This study was performed to evaluate the health system response to the eltor cholera epidemic in the city of Marivan.
Materials and Methods
Marivan city is
located in Kurdistan Province in the west of Iran. The city is boarded by
Saghez from the north, Sanandaj from the east and southeast, Paveh from the
south, and Iraq’s Kurdistan from the west and northwest. According to the
population census in 2011, the city's total population was estimated to be
168,774. This city is the third most crowded city in the province.
A common border
with Iraq’s Kurdistan, and the transition of many people, especially the people
of Iran’s and Iraq’s Kurdistan, through the western borderline named Bashmaq,
has made the transmission of eltor cholera to the country possible. Considering
the eltor cholera outbreak in Kurdistan of Iraq, on the border of the city of
Marivan, control measures were taken and internal and external coordination was
implemented to control its outbreak.
This cross-sectional
study was implemented in Marivan in October 2012
in 6 steps with different methods of data gathering, including situation
analysis, and document and literature review.
The study was conducted in 6 steps. First, literature
review, including guidelines and related documents on eltor cholera, was
conducted and an online search was performed with keywords of eltor, disaster,
response, epidemic, crisis, man-made, and biological disaster. Second,
situation analysis was conducted, including investigation of the situation of
eltor cholera infection in Marivan and examination of the follow-up forms that
were routinely completed in health centers. Third, the measures of the health centers,
existing reports, and investigator’s observations were evaluated and the
information obtained in the three previous steps was categorized. Fourth, the individuals responsible for
or involved in incident management in Marivan Health
Center and Kurdistan Health Center were
interviewed. Fifth, response measures for the
eltor cholera outbreak in Marivan were analyzed. Sixth, appropriate strategies
were developed to improve the performance of health centers in similar cases.
Results
Brief
description of case finding
First case
(index case): A
man who had 26 years of age and was a resident of Marivan working as a building contractor in Iraq’s Kurdistan,
had mild symptoms of diarrhea in 2012/9/25 in Iraq’s Kurdistan
and had returned to Marivan in 2012/10/2. He was admitted to the emergency ward
of the hospital in Marivan in 2012/10/4, and due to being suspected of having
eltor, stool examination was performed on him. The samples were sent to the
laboratory in 2012/10/5 and the first case of eltor was diagnosed. The medical
history of the patient showed that he was taking antacid medications prescribed
by a gastroenterologist. He had gone from Sanandaj (capital of Kurdistan
Province) to Tehran in 2012/10/8, and after visiting a physician, he had
returned to Sanandaj and then to Marivan.
The second case
of eltor: A man,
who had 31 years of age, was self-employed, and had traveled to Iraq’s Kurdistan in 2012/9/29, had watery diarrhea (he had
eaten restaurant food and had used water in tankers and vegetables). He had
returned to Iran from Iraq in 2012/10/5. Then, he had been admitted to the
hospital and physicians had performed symptomatic treatment for him, and then,
discharged him. The physician had conducted a stool examination for him on the
same day and had diagnosed him as a positive case in 2012/10/9.
After reporting of
the two positive cases, an assessment team, including experts on disease
control and environmental health, had referred to patients’ homes for
follow-up. The first case was not at home; he had gone to Tehran due to
gastrointestinal disease. Health experts had checked the rate of residual
chlorine in household water. The second case was also not at home when the
health experts had gone to visit him. He had returned home with a phone call by
his wife. Health experts had checked the rate of residual chlorine in the household
water and the patient had been brought to the health center. Tests were again
conducted on him and he was prescribed medication based on a country protocol,
and then, the epidemiological investigation form for confirmed cases was
completed.
The third case of this disease was identified in 2012/10/9
and the forth case in 2012/10/10.
In 2012/10/11, 5 other cases were identified. From among the total 9 cases diagnosed, 5 had traveled to Iraq’s Kurdistan. The total number of patients diagnosed was 19.
A
total of 1341 rectal swab samples were collected during the eltor epidemic
(2012/10/4-2012/11/14). Before the eltor epidemic, 233 samples were collected
due to surveillance of water and food-borne diseases. During 2012/10/11 to
2012/11/8 no patients had been diagnosed with eltor. Therefore, the date of
2012/11/14 was reported as the end of the emergency situation and control of
eltor epidemic in Marivan.
Emergency
meeting of the Eltor Committee of Marivan was held with partnership of and at
health centers in 2012/10/9. The decisions of the meeting include:
· Follow-up of patients by health center staff, completion of the epidemiological form for patients, and their treatment
· Follow-up of the 2 patients with acute watery diarrhea referred to health centers; follow-up of their treatment and tests and reporting them to Kurdistan Health Center
· Follow-up with the trajectory of the operational team, visiting of border villages, and completion of the epidemiological survey form.
· Visiting the villages with water supply system problems, discussing it in the committee, reporting to the rural water and wastewater department, and performing reforms
· Mapping epidemiology of the reported diarrheal cases and confirmed patients
· Drawing the map of drinking water sources in Marivan and reporting to committee members
· Preparation of an isolation room in hospitals
· Making placards of "information base of Eltor" in both Kurdish and Farsi
· Visiting of hospitals by health experts for correction of defects related to registration and sending samples to the laboratory
· Determining two health workers to follow up with the sampling, suspected cases, and hospital samples
· Visiting the border health surveillance unit and eltor information base daily, completing the patients list of patients with confirmed eltor, and registering them in the portal of the MOHMET’s center for diseases control
· Registration of the addresses of patients and sampling cases with diarrhea
· Training of personnel about necessary actions and reporting suspected cases to health centers
· Collection, controlling, and registration of the samples in health centers and hospitals
· Meeting with physicians for justification of the implementation of treatment for patients according to the country protocol
· Creation of emergency plans by health centers and follow-up of suspected cases
· Follow-up and assessment of confirmed patients and consultation with them in this regard
Discussion
Since
the beginning, a crisis must be responded to. The purpose of response is
conducting interventions and measures during and after the phase of disaster
occurrence to reduce human and financial losses. To achieve the intended goal,
it is necessary to coordinate between organizations and individuals based on
job description, responsibilities, authority, regulation, and recourses (9,
10).
The
health system has an important role in responding to disasters and emergencies,
because health is most important factor for individuals. The health system
should prepare to confront disasters and emergencies because relying on
resources and facilities of other regions or expecting to receive health
facilities in other regions result in the loss of the vital time to prevent the
crisis and increased mortality and human suffering (11).
Western
provinces of Iran, due to their common border with Iraq, are susceptible to the
incidence of different kinds of diseases especially water and food-borne
diseases such as eltor. Factors such as insufficiency of safe drinking water,
lack of water piping, lack of health systems and sewage disposal, diversity in
provision and distribution of drinking water, poor health status of Iraq, and
the simplicity of crossing the border increase the probability of disease
outbreaks especially oral-fecal diseases such as eltor. Therefore, the risk of
the transmission of eltor to Iran via the west border is notable (12).
After
occurrence of the eltor epidemic in Iraq and warning due to its spreading to Iran, the health system of Marivan took the necessary actions
to control it. Planning, coordination with other organizations, provision of
job description for responsible organizations in response to the crisis, and
provision of necessary facilities for diagnosis and treatment of patients were
the strengths of the control plan of the health system of Marivan in the eltor
epidemic.
The
response to the eltor epidemic had two goals of decreasing mortality, and
preventing the occurrence of new cases. The health system of Marivan prevented
the spreading of the disease and the incidence of new cases through health
education and suitable response to the eltor epidemic.
The
most important action at the beginning of the response during diagnosis of the
first case of eltor was defining responsibility at different levels, especially
the health system of Marivan; personnel who had been trained respond to the
eltor epidemic were assigned to determining responsibility. As soon as the
occurrence of the eltor epidemic was confirmed in Marivan, the committee of
epidemic control was held there. Since the disease outbreak had occurred at the
border of Iran and Iraq, a joint border committee was necessary for the
coordination of activities between the countries, but this measure was not
taken.
At first, the eltor committee held meetings daily, but due to the suitable response to crisis and the prevention of its spreading to other region based on surveillance data they were held weekly. During meetings, members of the committee reviewed designated responsibilities based on the framework program and they made sure of the improvement of planning for epidemic control. Suspected cases were reported instantly. The health system reported mortality rate and new cases daily, although it had reported zero mortality and zero new cases, because reporting is necessary for the surveillance system.
The
risk of eltor occurrence through the western border of the country is
significant due to the factors previously mentioned (12). Activities were
performed through disaster control approach, while the risk assessment approach
can lead to valuable results. The following items are the weaknesses of these
measures:
·
Lack of definition of the Incident Command System
(ICS) in the health center
·
Lack of exercise to prepare for similar events that
will lead to inconsistency between teams
Therefore,
in order to improve performance and increase preparedness in case of a crisis,
the following can be considered as the proposed strategy:
·
Developing policies, operational manuals, and
guidelines at a national level
·
Planning and determining the resources and local
management structure
·
Increasing knowledge, and improving attitudes and
skills at the individual level
·
Situational analysis
·
Community hazards identification
·
Designing an Incident Command System (ICS)
·
Providing an updated information system and monitoring
system
·
Designing and developing an early warning system
·
Providing resources and equipment based on type of
risk
·
Continuous education and exercises
·
Involving all managers at various levels in the
process of planning
·
Making a commitment to implement programs
·
Changing approaches from logistic to risk reduction
and development planning in the community
·
Holding a joint border committee between the states
involved to establish coordinated activities
Conclusion
After
the eltor cholera
outbreak in Iraq’s Kurdistan, Iran’s MOHMET announced an
emergency situation in the cities at the western border including Marivan.
Therefore, some actions were carried out in Marivan such as planning,
coordination with other organizations, especially the water and sewages
organization in order to check the system and provide them with a job description
at time of disasters, and procurement of equipment and supplies needed to
diagnose and treat diseases. These activities were performed through disaster
control approach, while the risk assessment approach can lead to valuable
results.
Acknowledgments
We
appreciate and thank experts in centers for disease control and prevention of the health system of Marivan especially
Mr. Borhan Akhtar and Mrs. Shahnaz Ghaderi.
Conflict of Interest: None declared
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*
Corresponding author: Sadegh
Yousef Nezhad, Dept. of Health in Emergencies and Disaster, School
of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Email:
yusefnejad785@yahoo.com