en Occupational Health Original Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Background:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Socio-technical systems are inherently complex, non-linear, uncertain, and dynamic. The complexity of the relationships between the components of these systems is unfathomable, and it is very difficult to predict, model, and analyze their components. In such systems, safety is not a linear and direct process. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify emerging risks using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), which can provide a new perspective in completing traditional risk analysis methods.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Materials and Methods:</span></span></span></b> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The study analyzed the air separation unit process in a steel industry for performance resonance by collecting data through field studies and expert opinions. Using the FRAM method, risks associated with the unit process were evaluated and analyzed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Results:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ten essential functions of the system were identified. The results revealed that the two functions of &quot;air compression&quot; and &quot;distribution and storage&quot; had high variability, and a high resonance was observed in these two functions. The other functions also indicated moderate and low variability.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Conclusions:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> The study identified ten essential functions in an air separation unit, with &ldquo;air compression,&rdquo; &ldquo;distribution,&rdquo; and &ldquo;storage&rdquo; showing high variability and resonance. Improving their consistency and reliability could benefit the system. Other functions had moderate to low variability. Future work should focus on optimizing all functions, especially those with high variability, to address tight interactions and resonance issues. The analysis offers a functional map for targeted system improvements.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div> Risk Assessment,Safety Management,Steel, 107 118 http://johe.rums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-700-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Ali Alboghobeish ali.alboghobeish71@gmail.com 22400319475328460010151 22400319475328460010151 No Ph.D. Student in Occupational Health & Safety, Dept. of Occupational Health & Safety at work, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Hamid Reza Azimi hamid.azimi312@gmail.com 22400319475328460010152 22400319475328460010152 No M.Sc. in Occupational Health & Safety Engineering, Dept. of Occupational Health & Safety at work, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Gholamabbas Shirali gshirali52@gmail.com 22400319475328460010153 22400319475328460010153 No Prof., Dept. of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Mostafa Pouyakian mpouyakian@gmail.com 22400319475328460010150 22400319475328460010150 Yes Prof., Dept. of Occupational Health & Safety at work, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences