@article{ author = {Taghizadeh, R and Zare, M and Zare, S}, title = {Mapping of noise pollution by different interpolation methods in recovery section of Ghandi telecommunication Cables Company}, abstract ={  Background : Noise pollution and workers' noise exposure are common in industrial factories in Iran. In order to reduce this noise pollution, evaluation and investigation of noise emission are both necessary. In this study, different noise mapping methodsare used for determining the distribution of noise.   Materials and Methods : In the present study, for preparing a noise map in a hall of an industrial factory, sampling was carried out in 6×6 m grid. After data normalization the variogram was developed. For interpolation of mentioned parameter, kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting methods were used. The best model for interpolation was selected by cross validation and error evaluation methods, such as Route Mean Square Error (RMSE).   Results : The results showed that kriging method is better than other methods for prediction of noise property. The noise map was prepared, using the best interpolation method in Geographical Information System environment.   Conclusion : Workers in this industrial hall were exposed to noise which is mainly induced by noisy machines. Noise maps which were produced in this study showed the distribution of noise and, also revealed that workers suffer from serious noise pollution.}, Keywords = {Noise Pollution, Interpolation, Industry}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.1}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Shahimoradi, D and Vazirinejad, R}, title = {Risk factors of the musculoskeletal and joint pains among employees who work with computer in Rafsanjan city in the years 2012-13}, abstract ={Background: Today application of computer in the life of people is very common and those who work with computer in especially long – term are faced with musculoskeletal pains. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors of musculoskeletal and Joint pains among computer users in Rafsanjan city in the years 2012-13. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 420 computer users were recruited in Rafsanjan city between 18 April 2012 and 19 January 2013. The data were collected by a checklist, in face to face interview sessions. Data were analyzed in SPSS and parametric and nonparametric tests were used where appropriate. Results: Cervical pain was associated with position of desk, chair and keyboard. There were significant association between shoulder pain and position of the keyboard, low back pain and chair position, carpal tunnel syndrome and mouse usage. The prevalence of cervical pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, wrist pain, hand pain, low back pain, elbow pain, back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome, among respondents were 38.3%, 38.3%, 27.1%, 21.2%, 18.8%, 24.5%, 15.7%, 26.4% and 21.2%, respectively. In this study, there was significant association between exercise and all variables of carpal tunnel syndrome, elbow pain, back pain, low back pain and shoulder pain. Conclusions: It can be concluded that prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in computer users in our study were very common. Improving the position of desk, chair, mouse and keyboard could help with reducing cervical pain, shoulder pain, back pain, low back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome.}, Keywords = {Musculoskeletal Pains, Employees, Risk Factors, Iran.}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-19}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.12}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moghiseh, M and Habibi, E and Aramesh, N and Hasanzadeh, A and Khorvash, MK and Poorrahmatian, AH}, title = {The association between VO2max and heart rate of casting industry workers}, abstract ={Background: To establish a balance between work (physical exercise) and human, the aerobic capacity (VO2max) could be used as a measure. Assessing heart rate in association to physiological symptoms is the most commonly used tools for the assessment of fatigue during physical exercise. This study aimed to investigate the association between the aerobic capacity and the heart rate of workers from the casting industry. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 200 male workers selected from casting industry in Isfahan using random sampling method. The subjects were examined using ergometer in accordance with Astrand 6 minutes cycle test protocol, Then, the VO2max was estimated using the formula proposed by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The heart rates were monitored and recorded automatically. Finally, the results were analyzed by SPSS 20 statistical software package. Results: The results illustrated that there was a strong correlation between heart rate (HR) and VO2max (r=0.991, P<0.001) . The regression analysis of the quadratic equation indicated that there was a significant association between the VO2max and the heart rate. Conclusion: As the results indicated there was a strong association between heart rate and VO2max, indicating the fact that with the increase in heart rate during physical activity, aerobic capacity is reduced, and the heart rate could be used as a p rediction measure to estimate VO2max.}, Keywords = {Worker, Heart Rate, Castings, Industry}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {20-26}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.20}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Vivien, H and Hashim, Z and Ismail, P and MdSaid, S and Omar, D and BahriMohdTamrin, S}, title = {Biological monitoring of genotoxicity to organophosphate pesticide exposure among rice farmers: Exposure-effect continuum study}, abstract ={Background: This study has used biomarker of exposure-effect continuum to examine the biological characteristics of organophosphate (OP) toxicity and its genotoxic effect among rice farmers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 pesticide exposed rice farmers and 160 adults from the fishing village as the unexposed group. They share the common socio-economical background for inter-individual comparison in human toxicology assessment. In this study depression of blood cholinesterase is used as a biomarker of exposure to OP toxicity. Two genotoxic assays (micronuclei and comet assay) were conducted as a biomarker of genotoxic effect among the adult population. In this context, micronuclei assay is used to indicate the chromosome breakage and comet assay to estimate the possible DNA damage. Results: The study showed a significant difference of blood cholinesterase level (p=0.001) between the exposed-unexposed groups. Besides, the results showed that farmers had at least 2-2.5 folds of significant increase (p=0.001) in MN frequency (in 1000 cells) and comet tail length (µm) compared to the unexposed group. In addition, regression analysis among farmers showed that blood cholinesterase level decreased with the genotoxic effects. A small variation (R2=0.148) of MN frequency could be explained by the depression of blood cholinesterase level; however, a significant reduction (p=0.001), with strong changes (R2=0.712) in comet tail length was attributed to the depression of blood cholinesterase levels. Risk factors like age, body mass index, smoking status and years of working showed the different strength of the relationship with these genotoxic effects. Conclusions: This study suggests that chronic exposure to OP shows an inhibition to blood cholinesterase level, which is associated with the potential DNA breakage as indicated by comet assay. Age, smoking and years of working are the contributing factors influencing the biomarker of effects.}, Keywords = {Organophosphate, Cholinesterase, Depression, Chromosomal Breakage, DNA Damage}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-36}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.27}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zamanian, Z and Afshin, A and Davoudiantalab, AH and Hashemi, H}, title = {Comprehension of workplace safety signs: A case study in Shiraz industrial park}, abstract ={ Background : Safety signs provide information as well as instructions concerning the hazard or dangers in the workplace. The correct comprehension of these signs is very important for doing the necessary feedback in the specific situation which are described.  Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the comprehension of 10 selected safety signs were investigated in 53 randomly selected employees of an industrial company in Shiraz. The comprehension test was carried out with the aid of a standard questionnaire obtained from ISO 9186-1:2007.  Results : In this study the mean comprehension scores of the tested signs were 65.95 percent with standard deviation if 28.7. The highest and lowest comprehension scores were for “use hearing protectors” and “biological hazard” respectively. The comprehension of 40 percent of the tested safety signs was lower than the minimum acceptable values of ISO 3864 and ANSI Z535.3 standards.  Conclusion : This study showed that there is a significant difference in comprehensions of tested safety signs. For full comprehension of safety signs it is necessary to train the employees or add supplementary texts to the symbols in some cases.}, Keywords = {Safety, Signs, Workplace, Color, Culture}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-43}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.37}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {AhmadiOrkomi, A and Tavakoli, B and Noorpoor, A}, title = {Noise pollution analysis in Tehran cement plant}, abstract ={  Background : Cement industry has many process units. Basically all of these units can be considered as a source of noise. Since noise pollution is defined based on its offensive hearing effects, the importance of the noise sources depends directly on the number of workers in the unit.   Materials and Methods : An experimental study has been done at Tehran cement factory to recognize and analyze the major noise pollution source machineries. In this survey, first, the mean A-weighted sound pressure level and the number of workers in each unit have been measured and the obtained data has been analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Afterwards, based on the mentioned ISO, some experiments have been done to calculate the A-weighted acoustic power level of the crusher which emits the highest level of noise.   Results: The noisiest units have been recognized and some applicable suggestions have been offered to reduce the sound exposure level. Also by calculating the sound power levels and considering the design parameters which affect the sound power generated by the crusher, an empirical equation has been presented to calculate the acoustic power level as a function of horsepower, number of hammers and the weight of each hammer.   Conclusion: The acoustic measurement results show that the crusher, cement mill and row mill units are the three major noise emission sources. In another experiment, based on ANSI S1.36 and ISO 3746 guidelines, the sound power level of the crusher unit has been measured indirectly. Afterwards, by using a multiple regression algorithm and minimizing the mean square error, an empirical equation has been proposed to correlate the acoustic power level as a function of the horsepower and the mass of all hammers of the crusher.}, Keywords = {Sound, Measurement, Cement}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {44-53}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.44}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-64-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-64-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Dehghani, R and SabahiBidgoli, M and AsgariArani, J and RashediVahed, Gh H and Heydari, F and Soheili, Z and KazemiMoghaddam, V and Afshari, N}, title = {A Survey on the application and storage conditions of pesticides in Kashan, Iran, 2012}, abstract ={  Background: Noticeable amounts of pesticides are used in developing countries each year. However excessive application of these chemicals in the past few decades has breaded serious problems to both animals and humans. Although most studies have targeted acute poisoning, in the present study chronic poisoning as a new and important health problem has been studied due to application and storage of pesticides at homes. Materials and Methods:  This descriptive study was designed in Kashan, located in the dry central region of Iran in 2012. The data were collected by interviewing 500 home owners and filling questionnaires. The data were analyzed using abundance tables and SPSS software and statistic tests χ2 and fisher exact.   Results: The results showed high availability and application of pesticides (97.2%). Citizens reported using pesticides once every six months. There was a positive relationship between the application of pesticides and the observed disorders (p<0.0001).   Conclusion: Pesticides are available for most people in an uncontrolled way, which may be the cause of many health problems}, Keywords = {Application, Developing Countries, Pesticides, Storage}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-59}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.54}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zamanian, Z and Nikeghbal, K and Ebrahimi, H and Purshahidi, S}, title = {Effect of Workplace Noise and Light Conditions on Dentists\' Quality of Life, Shiraz, 2013}, abstract ={  Background: It has been prover that the prevalence of experiencing job related stress is very high among the dentists. This stress can be the result of factors such as poor lightening of dental office and noise. This stress can cause emotional distress and threaten dentists’ physical health and affect the quality of their life. This study is conducted to determine dentists’ professional quality of life and job-related stress and two important workplace factors that can affect them which are lighting and noise.   Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study the researchers visited the dental offices in Shiraz city and measured lighting and noise of the places, also dentist's quality of life and job stress were determined using McGill quality of life questionnaire and job-stress questionnaire.   Results: The relationship between quantitative variables was determined by using regression test and the multiple regression test was used for the modeling process. The average of local noise caused by dental drills and other parameters was 75.5 and 74.5 in public and private offices. In 2.2% of dental offices lightening condition was below the standard levels. Results show that 58.9% of dentists participating in this study experience good or fairly good quality of life.   Conclusion: The results suggest that workplace environmental situation and dentists’ professional stress and quality of life are correlated. So adjusting effective workplace parameters to the standard levels can lead to increase in the dentists’ quality of life.}, Keywords = {Stress, Lighting, Noise, Clinic}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {60-66}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.60}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, MR and Sayadi, MH}, title = {Toxic metals in the deposited particles from air of the training space of Amir Abad Campus, University of Birjand, 2012}, abstract ={  Background: Composition of dust in the air due to contact with human via inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption will have a large impact on public health. In the learning environments such as universities, many people spend most of their day in contact with the dust. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals lead, chromium and copper in the training space of the University of Birjand (Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources) and examining its ecological risks.   Materials and Methods: This descriptive study evaluated a total of 16 samples where 4 samples pertained to the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment and 12 samples were from the Faculty of Agriculture. For estimation of the heavy metals copper, chromium and lead, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid digestion were used. The concentration of heavy metals was measured using an atomic absorption instrument. T he regression coefficient was calculated by Ms Excle software.   Results: The results showed that lead (3.414) and copper (14.884) degrees in the official room of the Faculty of Agriculture was more than the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment while lead (2.575) and chromium (0.187) degrees were higher in the classrooms of the Faculty of Natural Resources. The regression correlation coefficient studies showed that the case study heavy metals had week correlation(R2 0.13 and 0.20) . The pollution index of the element chromium depicted the lowest pollution level and copper had the high pollution levels in some samples.   Conclusions: However, the samples exhibited little ecological risks. Thus, the presence of these elements in dust does not lead to serious health hazards. Nevertheless, further studies at different time periods are worthwhile.}, Keywords = {Dust, Heavy Metals, Risk}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {67-75}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.67}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M}, title = {Developing a questionnaire in occupational epidemiological research: Some common sense guidelines}, abstract ={  Background: The most common method of collecting data in any area of human health research is to apply a questionnaire. However, if extreme cautiousness is not taking into account while designing a questionnaire, the gathered data might be ineffective. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to discuss some of the most important set of guidelines in designing a questionnaire.   Materials and methods: To fulfil the aim of the study, it has been tried to search the relevant literature by looking at different search engines and also carry out hand searching. It has also been tried to elaborate any selected guidelines by examples relevant to occupational epidemiology .   Results: The literature highlights that there are at the very least ten common-sense guidelines that one should take into account for designing a valid and reliable questionnaire.   Conclusions: By following the proposed guidelines it is hoped that a deigned questionnaire is able to elicit the responses that one might need.}, Keywords = {Questionnaire, Design, Guidelines, Occupational Epidemiology}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {76-81}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.1.2.76}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Maulik, S and Iqbal, R}, title = {Occupational health and musculoskeletal symptoms among Indian Medical Laboratory technicians}, abstract ={  Background: Musculoskeletal diseases are quite common among healthcare professionals including medical laboratory technicians. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic risk factors in Indian medical laboratory technicians.   Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised of 130 male and female laboratory technicians from the Indian healthcare industry. Samples were selected based on convenient random sampling. Data was collected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC) to evaluate the ergonomic risk factors present in Indian medical laboratories. Statistical tools applied in the present study include frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviations, independent t-test, and chi-square test.   Results: Results indicated that the major percentage of technicians (66.9%) had suffered from some kind of musculoskeletal symptoms during the last 12 months. The highest prevalence was reported in the back (44%), knees (20.7%), and neck region (18.4%). This indicated that musculoskeletal problems are prevalent among Indian medical laboratory technicians. The results showed that the levels of exposure to musculoskeletal risks were high or very high among 85.3% of technicians. The statistical analysis showed an insignificant association between the level of risk factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal issues (P>0.05). The most common risk factors found to be awkward postures, prolonged standing, inappropriate workstation arrangement.   Conclusions: Ergonomic interventions in terms of reducing risk factors, improving workstation design, eliminating awkward postures, and providing some physical training to improve upon their musculoskeletal fitness level are recommended.}, Keywords = {Healthcare Industry, Medical Laboratory Technicians, Musculoskeletal Pain, Risk Factors, Posture}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {82-92}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.82}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {RahimiPordanjani, T and MohamadzadeEbrahimi, A and RahimiPordanjani, H}, title = {Personality traits as predictors of occupational accident rates among workers of Khorasan Petrochemical Company, Iran}, abstract ={  Background: Approximately, 90% of workplace accidents are due to human errors. The study of the relationship between individual differences and accidents and injuries are beneficial in the prevention of these accidents. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism and occupational accident rates in the petrochemical industry.   Materials and Methods : This was a descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of line employees of Khorasan Petrochemical Company in Bojnourd, Iran (n = 1160) 300 employees were selected using stratified random sampling. Data collection tools consisted of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and Incident Reporting Rate Scale. In order to analyze the data, regression analysis and to validate the results, confirmatory factor analysis were performed using AMOS 21 software.   Results: Findings indicate that correlation coefficients between the five-factor personality traits and occupational accident rates were significant (P < 0.001). In stepwise multiple regression analyses, of the 5 independent variables, only the 2 variables of conscientiousness and agreeableness found permit entry into the regression equation (R2 = 0.186, P < 0.001).   Conclusions: The results of this study showed the importance of conscientiousness and agreeableness as predictors of occupational accident rates. Therefore, in order to select people for working in high risk environments, such as the petrochemical industry, we should rely on these variables.}, Keywords = {Occupational Accident, Personality, Extraversion, Neuroticism}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {93-98}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.93}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Hassanlouei, B and Rezaeian, M and Sheikh-Fathollahi, M and Vazirinejad, R}, title = {Impact of diurnal temperature variations on hospitalization due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2008-2013}, abstract ={Background: Changes in global temperature and its health effects have recently been under much investigated. Consequently, these changes have affected mortality and morbidity rates which are important public health indices. The present study examines the effect of mean temperature on the frequency of hospitalization due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital of Rafsanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this ecological study, data on hospitalization were gathered from electronic systems of hospitals and the data from the weather organizations were extracted from the weather station. All patients not living in Rafsanjan were excluded. Data were entered into SPSS and SAS software and the association between mean temperature and hospitalization frequency were analyzed using Poisson regression models. Results: A negative significant association was found between mean temperature and mean number of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. By each 1 °C decrease in mean temperature, the mean number of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases increased by 1% (95% CI 0.63-1.26%) and 4.33% (95% CI 4-4.64%), respectively. For cardiovascular diseases, there was no significant difference in mean number of admissions based on different age groups. However, in the 0-4-year age group, the mean number of hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases was significantly higher than the other age groups. For both cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, there was no significant difference between females and males in terms of the mean number of hospitalizations. Conclusions: Reduction in mean temperature, in the present study, increased the mean number of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and it was stronger for respiratory diseases. According to these findings, people who are at risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases should be forbidden from exposure to extremely cold temperatures.}, Keywords = {Temperature, Cardiovascular Diseases, Respiratory Diseases, Iran }, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {99-106}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.99}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Asadpour, M and Vazirinejad, R and Esmaeili, A and Bazyar, Sh and Fallah, A}, title = {The knowledge, attitude, and practice of physicians and medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, regarding standard precautions}, abstract ={ Background: Physicians and medical students are at risk of exposure to a broad range of viral pathogens through percutaneous injury, contact of mucous membrane with blood, and other potentially infectious body fluids. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of physicians and medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, regarding standard precautions.  Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional research based on a survey performed in 3 teaching hospitals affiliated with Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Subsequently, researchers distributed the questionnaires among the individuals who agreed to participate in the study. The participants were given instructions on completing the questionnaires. After completion of the questionnaires, they were collected and statistically processed with SPSS software using frequencies, percentages, the averages and standard deviations, and the independent t-test. All P values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.  Results: The response rate in this study was 95%. The mean age of subjects was 27.6 ± 5.3 years. The majority of subjects were female (62.1%), single (66.3%), and medical interns (78.9%). Most subjects were untrained on standard precautions (64.5%). The mean and standard deviations of KAP scores were 37.6 ± 7.4 (out of 46), 32.6 ± 4.5 (out of 45), and 33.06 ± 6.5 (out of 44), respectively. The independent t-test showed significant differences between knowledge and practice scores and marital status. It also showed significant differences between the practice score and training on standard precautions (P < 0.05).    Conclusions: The results showed that the knowledge score was desirable, but the attitude and practice scores were not desirable. Thus, educational programs with the foundation of blood-borne infections, infection control, safety recommendations, and different aspects of standard precautions are recommended.}, Keywords = {Physicians, Medical Student, Knowledge, Attitudes, Precautions.}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {107-113}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.107}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moradinazar, M and Najafi, F and Hassanzadeh, J}, title = {The effect of petroleum rationing on road traffic fatalities in the South of Iran during 2004-2009}, abstract ={  Background: This study attempted to investigate traffic accident fatalities during 2004-2009 and the effect of fuel rationing on traffic accident fatalities .   Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on available data of all traffic accident fatalities in Fars Province, Iran, during 2004-2009. To identify and fit the best model, various instruments, including the autocorrelation function (ACF), partial autocorrelation function (PACF), and Akaike information criterion (AIC), were used. To determine the accuracy of the model, the residual chart was evaluated in terms of independency, normality, and stationary. Then, the best model in terms of more accurate estimation was selected and analyzed using ITMS, Minitab, and Microsoft Excel software.   Results: During 2004 to 2009, 12954 people died due to road traffic fatalities in Fars Province. Among them, 10442 (80%) were male, and mean age at death was 36 ± 20. The number of traffic accident fatalities in Fars Province reduced from 45.5 per 100000 in 2004 to 44.8 per 100000 in 2007 . After petroleum rationing, the traffic accident fatality average further reduced (to 42.2 per 100000 in 2009) . T here was a difference between the observed value and predicted value with two different predication methods, as the number of observed fatalities was less than the estimated numbers. Seasonal Holt-Winters and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) methods’ predications were a close estimation of the accident fatality rate after petroleum rationing, and the difference between their estimations was not considerable.   Conclusions: Although the overall rate of fatalities reduced after petroleum rationing, variation in fatality rate did not show any association with petroleum rationing. However, decrease in fatalities had a seasonal pattern. Further decrease in road traffic fatalities requires reinforcement of educational programs as well as application of effective laws.}, Keywords = {Traffic Accident, Petroleum, Rationing, Time Series, Seasonal}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {114-120}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.114}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, Kh and Alinejad, H and Hashemi, Z and Ghorbani, F and Bazmandegan, Gh}, title = {A survey of professional maturity and self-concept in the personnel of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran}, abstract ={  Background: One of the factors that can improve self-concept and performance of staff is professional maturity. Professional maturity can also solve the problems of self-concept. The purpose of this paper was to identify the relationship between the dimensions of self-concept and professional maturity.   Materials and Methods: This relative applicable study was performed on all the personnel (n=2480) of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. Using Cochran's foemula, 332 individuals were selected randomly as the study sample. For data collection, two questionnaires, including time management and psychological health questionnaires were applied. Data analysis was performed using, SPSS software and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.   Results: A statistically significant relationship was observed between professional maturity and the self-concept of the personnel.  Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of the relationship between professional maturity and self-concept were 0.407 and 0.360, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of collective professional maturity were 0.372 and 0.341, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of the individual self-concept were  0.305 and 0.298, respectively.   Conclusions: There was a positive relationship between professional maturity and self-concept in the personnel of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Moreover, among the three dimensions of self-concept, the relationship dimension had a greater impact on professional maturity. Considering the influencing variables, work experience has a significant relationship with professional maturity and educational level has a significant relationship with self-concept level.}, Keywords = {Professional, Maturity, Self Concept, Staff}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {121-126}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.121}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-84-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-84-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Darwiesh, MK and Al-Hindi, A}, title = {Risk assessment for universities and hospitals restaurants in Gaza, Palestine, in 2012}, abstract ={ Background: A cross-sectional analytic method was used to assess health and safety risks that really matter in restaurants of universities and hospitals in the Gaza strip, Palestine.  Materials and methods: A 40-item questionnaire was completed by workers in all university and governmental hospital restaurants in the Gaza strip. Another 30-item questionnaire was completed by university students, in addition to 40 checklists and 40 personal meetings were conducted by the researcher. The collected data were analyzed by the risk score matrix to detect the risk level (low, medium, high, and very high) for each risk factor.  Results: In general, university and hospital restaurants were similar in terms of risk, but the details differed. The results showed that 22.7% of physical and electrical risk factors in universities were at a very high risk level. It was found that 50.0% of cleanliness of the location and equipment risk factors were at a high risk level, and 60.0% of machinery and equipment risk factors were at a moderate risk level. In addition, the most frequently observed risk factor was employees’ and customers’ safety and health. The results on hospital restaurants showed 75% of physical and electrical risk factor and machinery and equipment risk factor were at a moderate level and high level, respectively.   Conclusions: It can be concluded that hospital and university restaurants are similar in terms of risks and levels of risks. Moreover, restaurant employees, cleaners, organization employees, visitors, university students, and patients in hospitals may be at risk if exposure to hazards. Therefore, the development and implementation of a plan with specific measures to address the identified risks is recommended.}, Keywords = {Risk, Assessment, Restaurants, Universities, Hospitals}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {127-137}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.127}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, S and Mahdavi, MR and Safary, M and Rashidi, R and Dehghani, T and Kosari, M}, title = {Evaluation of the risk of musculoskeletal disorders using Rapid Entire Body Assessment among hairdressers in Khorramabad, Iran, in 2014}, abstract ={  Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are considered a major factor in health problems, human injuries, and loss of work time. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) and evaluate the prevalence of MSD among female hairdressers.   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, the risk of MSDs was evaluated in 172 female hairdressers using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method. Moreover, the prevalence of WRMSDs was investigated using a Nordic questionnaire. All obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software, and the logistic regression model .   Results : The results showed that 58.7% of the hairdressers experienced pain in their lower back, 52.3% in their neck, 41.3% in their knees, and 20.3% in their ankle. The results of this study showed a significant correlation between BMI and MSDs in the elbow, hip, and thigh . The results of REBA indicate that about 46% of the 1032 postures were classified as high risk and about 14.9% as very high risk. In addition, the results of this study showed a significant correlation between REBA score and MSDs in the neck, wrist, hip, and thigh.   Conclusions: With regard to the high prevalence of symptoms in the waist, neck, and wrist, it can be concluded that prolonged standing, uncomfortable working postures, strenuous movements, excessive shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction, trunk flexion and forceful exertion, and repetitive motion are considered important risk factors for MSDs .}, Keywords = {Risk, Body, Assessment, Musculoskeletal Disorders}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {138-145}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.3.138}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ashrafi-Asgarabad, A and Samareh-Fekri, M and khanjani, N and GhotbiRavandi, MR}, title = {Exposure to particles and respiratory symptoms in stone carvers of Kerman, Iran}, abstract ={  Background: Exposure to respirable particulate matter containing silica in the working environment can lead to respiratory diseases and other health hazards. The current study was designed to estimate the prevalence of lung diseases and their determining factors in the stone carvers of Kerman, Iran.   Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 67 male workers exposed to stone carving dust and 67 unexposed workers who were matched in regard to different characteristics were evaluated. Questionnaires were completed by the participants and chest radiography and spirometry were perfomed for each participant. Different outcomes were compared between the exposed and unexposed groups and also subgroups of the exposed. Data were analyzed using chi-square, t-test, Pearson's correlation, and logistic regression through SPSS 16 and STATA 12 software.   Results: The mean annual cumulative exposure to respirable dust was 3.8 mg/m3, which was higher than the permissible limit. Symptoms, such as frequent coughs, wheezing, dyspnea, rhinorrhea, sinusitis, and hyposmia, were more prevalent in the exposed workers. Some pulmonary function parameters had decreased significantly in the exposed workers. Some factors related to working conditions, such as working in confined environments, small workshops, not using appropriate masks, increased daily working hours, and increase in working days, were significantly associated with exacerbation of respiratory symptoms.   Conclusions: Despite the strong presence of the healthy worker effect, our study shows that high occupational exposure to particulate dust has led to respiratory symptoms, radiographic abnormalities, and decreased lung function in stone carvers of Kerman . This study urges more surveillance and control over works exposed to dust in developing countries.}, Keywords = {Pulmonary, Dysfunction, Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory, Iran}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {146-156}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.146}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khorsandi, M and Sharafkhani, N and Shamsi, M and Ranjbaran, M}, title = {Knowledge, self-efficacy, and practice among nurses for prevention of chronic low back pain in Arak, Iran, in 2014}, abstract ={  Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is an important occupational injury. Musculoskeletal injuries, especially CLBP, are prevalent in the nurses, and can lead to reduced productivity, work absenteeism, and work disability.   The purpose of this study was to determine nurses' knowledge of the risk factors of low back pain (LBP) and their self-efficacy in coping with the risk factors, and to evaluate CLBP preventive behaviors in nurses.   Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional research was performed on 133 nurses selected randomly from 3 government hospitals affiliated with Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. The data collection tool was a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, knowledge, self-efficacy, and practice of the nursing staff in CLBP preventive behaviors. Data was analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.   Results: The mean age of the nurses was 32.1 ± 5.3. Our findings showed that in terms of LBP the nursing staff had average level of knowledge with a mean score of 60.2 ± 19.69 out of 100, average level of self-efficacy with a mean score of 55.9 ± 10.6 out of 100, and poor practice with a mean score of 43.9 ± 6.9 out of 100. The correlation between knowledge, and self-efficacy and practice was not significant, but self-efficacy showed a significant correlation with practice and being married (P < 0.05).   Conclusions: According to our study, most participants lacked appropriate knowledge, self-efficacy, and practice with regard to CLBP preventive behaviors. Since back pain strongly affects the performance and service quality of the caregivers, the Iranian Ministry of Health and the related universities should make necessary educational and managerial arrangements to present educational programs aimed at CLBP prevention in the form of university courses, posters, films, workshops, and etcetera.}, Keywords = {Musculoskeletal Diseases, Nurses, Knowledge, Self Efficacy, Low Back Pain}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {157-164}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.157}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {kiani, F and Borjali, A and Farhbakhsh, K and Farokhi, N}, title = {The role of fatalistic beliefs and safety climate in predicting work situation awareness among workers of one petrochemical industry in Asaluyeh, Iran, in 2014}, abstract ={  Background: An important factor in the prevention of industrial accidents is the ability of employees to maintain awareness of the work situation, understand the information it holds, and predict how situations will develop. In the present study, we examined the role of fatalistic beliefs and safety climate in predicting occupational situation awareness (SA) among workers.   Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 180 employees of one petrochemical industry in Asaluyeh, Iran, in 2014. Subjects were selected using the stratified random sampling method and responded to questionnaires about demographic characteristics, occupational SA (Sneddon et al.), fatalistic beliefs (Williamson et al.), and safety climate (Hayes et al.) . The data were analyzed using correlation techniques and stepwise regression.   Results: The results showed internal correlation among fatalistic beliefs, safety climate, and occupational SA. Moreover, the results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that fatalistic beliefs and safety climate significantly predicted, respectively, almost 18% and 20% of variances of occupational SA among workers.   Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study, fatalistic beliefs and safety climate can predict occupational SA. Therefore, considering these variables can be important in promoting the awareness of work situation among workers.}, Keywords = {Safety, Climate, Occupational, Awareness, Workers}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {165-173}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.165}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Beheshti, MH and Hajizadeh, R}, title = {Workload, occupational stress, and general health of female employees of public welfare centers}, abstract ={  Background: The employees of welfare centers, due to the special conditions of their work, may be exposed to excessive occupational stress and workload . Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of workload and occupational stress on the general health of female employees of public welfare centers.   Materials and Methods: This was a correlational research on 63 female employees of 3 welfare centers. The data were collected using the Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI), NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software by computing the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and the stepwise regression.   Results: The general health score of 66% of staff of the welfare centers was higher than the cutoff point, as limit determinant of health and non-health. Among the different dimensions of general health, social disorders obtained the highest score 74% of staff had social problems. The workload score of 12% of women was higher than 70 (high workload) and the workload score of 71.42% of women was between 40 and 70 (intermediate). Mean score of General Health Care of mentally ill disabled, and elderly employees was, respectively, 21.12, 27.21, and 24.90. The Occupational Stress Inventory score of the study population was 151.04, indicating that welfare employees were not exposed to high rates of stress in their work environment.   Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that authorities should pay special attention to ergonomics factors affecting the general health of welfare employees, especially with respect to social disorders. Moreover, personality traits should also be considered in employing of individuals.}, Keywords = {Workload, Mental Health, Stress, Employees }, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {174-182}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.174}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Vatani, J and Ghasemzadeh, H and Raei, M}, title = {Assessment of ultraviolet radiation exposure of welders working in Shahrud City, Iran, 2014}, abstract ={  Background : Farmers and welders who work in open spaces and are exposed to direct sunlight are often exposed to sunlight radiation o n the neck and head . Thus, they may be afflicted with various types of skin cancer . The aim of the present study was to investigate the amount of UV exposure in welders working in Shahrud City , Iran .   Materials and Method s : This cross-sectional , descriptive , analytical study was conducted from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. in indoor environments on all welders working in Shahrud City (n = 50) in 2014. An ultraviolet radiation (UVR) meter was used to measure UV R and the instrument was calibrated and utilized using factory instruction s . Moreover , All data obtained through the demographic checklist and self-reporting , and information related to UV R exposure were entered into SPSS software and analyzed.   Results: The results showed that average UVR exposure with personal protection was 0.27 ± 1.15 , average UVR exposure without personal protection was 4.14 ± 1.69 . In addition, skin radiation exposure amount was 2.55 ± 1.54 . There was no significant statistical relationship between presence of disease , and radiation expsoure with or without protection euqipment and on the skin of welders (P > 0.05).   Conclusions : This study indicated that UVR is among the main harmful factors in occupational environments. Welders are vulnerable to skin and eye disease due to UVR exposure. UV exposure in welders working in Shahrud City is below the threshold value therefore, it can cause injury and damage to the welders. Furthermore, insurance status, daily radiation exposure amount, received radiation exposure amount, and use of protection equipment had no significant relationship with incidence of disease in welders.}, Keywords = {Welding, Ultraviolet Rays, Eye Diseases, Skin Diseases, Insurance}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {183-187}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.183}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Salem, Z and SheikhFathollahi, M and Hashemi, Z and Shahabinejad, M}, title = {Comparison of Body Composition among Newly Entered Medical and Nursing/Midwifery Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={  Background: It seems that weight gain and body composition changes occur during the first year of college . The aim of this study was the comparison of body composition among freshmen medical sciences students one term after entering Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , South East of Iran.   Materials and Methods: All freshmen medicine (n = 73) and nursing- midwifery students (n = 57) of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences who had registered for the fall of 2013 were participated in this descriptive study. After obtaining written consents from the participants, their demographic information was collected. Then, using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), body composition of all the students was measured and recorded. Data were analyzed using independent two-sample t-test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test.   Results: The difference between medical and nursing/midwifery students in terms of changes in body fat percentage ( 1.92 ± 2.87 versus -0.29 ± 2.21, respectively ) ( P < 0.001) and body water content ( -0.13 ± 1.34 versus 0.35 ± 1.20, respectively) ( P = 0.038) was statistically significant. Moreover, the difference in changes of fat free mass was statistically significant across the two groups (P = 0.026). Body fat percentage had decreased in the native students compared to the nonnatives (P < 0.001). The frequency of students with malnutrition and minimum fat percentage criteria had decreased, while it had increased to the recommended range at the end of the first semester.   Conclusions: There was a statistically significant difference between medical and nursing/midwifery students in terms of fat percentage, fat free mass, and total body water content. It seems that the differences between the two groups might be because of being native or nonnative students.}, Keywords = {Body Composition, Medical Students, Nursing Students, Waist Circumference}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {188-194}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.188}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nadri, H and Fasih, F and Nadri, F and Nadri, A}, title = {Comparison of ergonomic risk assessment results from Quick Exposure Check and Rapid Entire Body Assessment in an anodizing industry of Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={ Background: The aim of this paper was the comparison of ergonomic risk assessment results (final score and action levels) for the entire body as determined using Quick Exposure Check (QEC) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA).  Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which all 82 workers engaged in various processes with different activities in an anodizing and aluminum profiles producing industry in Tehran, Iran, were studied. The REBA and QEC ergonomic risk assessment techniques and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) were used in order to assess the correlation between results of the two methods and evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the results of these two methods.  Results: Studied postures, using QEC and REBA assessment methods, acquired the risk levels, respectively, of low risk = 10.9%, moderate risk = 25.5%, and high/very high risk = 63.6% in QEC. They obtained the risk levels of low risk = 56.3%, moderate risk = 40%, and high/very high risk = 12.7%, respectively, in REBA. The kappa (0.12) and gamma scores (0.51) showed no agreement between the outputs of the two tools. No significant correlation (P > 0.05) was found between final scores of these two methods and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders.   Conclusions: These results indicate that the risk assessment outcomes of these two ergonomic assessment tools for the entire body do not agree. Thus, there is no possibility of applying them interchangeably for postural risk assessment, at least not in this industry.}, Keywords = {Musculoskeletal Diseases, Risk Assessment, Industry}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {195-202}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.195}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M}, title = {Diverse types of review studies based on their approach to retrieving and summarizing original findings}, abstract ={ Background: We are living in an era in which different branches of science are growing very rapidly. Therefore, retrieving and summarizing all new valid findings on a specific subject is one of the most important priorities of scientists. The aim of the present article is to categorize different review studies within the health domain based on their approach to retrieving and summarizing original findings.  Methods: The most relevant articles have been selected and summarized in order to accomplish the aim of the study.  Results: Narrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses from published data, and individual participant data meta-analyses are different types of review studies. More recently, prospectively planned pooled analyses have also been introduced.   Conclusions: Diverse types of review studies have been developed one by one over the course of time based on their approaches to retrieving and summarizing original findings. Therefore, they have their own especial applications and scientists of different disciplines need to know their advantages and disadvantages.}, Keywords = {Narrative Reviews, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {203-207}, publisher = {Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.johe.2.4.203}, url = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.html}, eprint = {http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology}, issn = {2251-8096}, eissn = {2252-0902}, year = {2013} }