Ghanbary Sartang A, MSc1, Ashnagar M, MSc2*,
Habibi E, PhD3, Nowrouzi, I, MSc4, ghasemi H, BSc5
1- MSc
in Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2- MSc in Industrial Psychology, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 3-Professor in
Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 4- Msc in petroleum Engineering, Omidiyeh Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh,
Iran. 5- BSc in Petroleum Engineering, Omidiyeh Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh,
Iran.
Abstract
Received: September 2016, Accepted: November 2016
Background: Today, obesity is
considered as a health problem that increases the risk of some diseases.
Therefore, identifying the effective factors on obesity is of great
importance. Shift work is one of the indicators for increased risk of obesity
in society and also shift work may cause various health problems for workers
in military organizations. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between
shift work, and body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) among
military personnel in 2016. Materials and Methods: This
cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 male military personnel in
Southern Iran in June-July 2016. The participants were divided into two
groups based on their working schedule; shift work (50 personnel) and day
work (50 personnel). The two groups
were similar in terms of type of work. The subjects were
selected through ýsimple random sampling. The data collection tools consisted of a
tape measure and a digital balance. Data analysis and comparison of BMI and
WHR in the two groups were performed using descriptive statistics, one-way
ANOVA, and Pearson correlation in SPSS. Results: The findings revealed that mean body
weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, and WHR were higher in
shift workers than day workers. The findings of the current study showed that 81.6% of shift workers had
a BMI of higher than 25 kg/m2 and 80.3% of shift workers had a WHR
of higher than 0.90 m. Moreover, 86.2% of day workers had a BMI of less than
25 kg/m2 and 83.1% of days workers had a WHR of less than 0.90 m. The Pearson correlation coefficient
for BMI (r = 0.71) and WHR (r = 0.64) in shift workers were higher than day
workers. Conclusions: The findings of
this research showed that shift work
increased the risk of overweight and obesity. Increased BMI and WHR are the
cause of disease and require intervention measures (job rotation, sports
activities, and avoidance of long duration of shift work) among shift
workers. |
Keywords: Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio,
Shift Work, Military
Personnel
Introduction
Shift work is
any kind of work carried out outside the standard working day (7 am to 6 pm). Shift
work is considered one of the occupational stressor that is harmful to human
health. Shift work is
associated with many negative health effects, such as obesity. On the other
hand, different and long shift work can endanger the physical and mental health
of military personnel (1). Shift work can have various adverse effects on human productivity
and quality of work life, thus affecting the physical and *mental health,
social security, and family life of individuals (2, 3). Longitudinal approaches on the impact of the changing
work schedule (from day to night work or the reverse) may clarify the influence
of work shift on the dynamics of increase in body mass index (BMI) over time.
In a study, Bekkers et al. observed the highest increase in BMI among workers
who changed from daytime to shift work (4). Wang et al. concluded that shift work
may cause various health problems for workers. A wide range of aspects of
employees’ life can be affected by shift work. It can result in cardiovascular
problems, digestive problems, and decreased performance. Decreased performance
is one of the detrimental effects of shift work (1).
Saksvik et al. believe that while some employees develop serious problems due
to shift work exposure, some others tolerate the exposure to shift work well (5). Today, obesity is considered as a health problem that
increases the risk of some diseases. Overweight and obesity are defined as
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health, overweight and
obesity is said to be the world's fifth leading cause of death (6). Many aspects of employees’ life can be affected by shift
work including physical and mental health, safety, social life, and work
performance/effectiveness (7). Van Drongelen et al concluded overweight and obesity are serious
threats to human health and is a risk factor for heart attack (8). Diseases caused by overweight and obesity
include kidney stones, increase
cholesterol and triglycerides that increase the
risk of heart disease, diabetes and
high blood pressure (9). Increase in
weight and obesity is
the result of changes in eating habits; thus, they are prevalent among shift
workers. New findings show that disruption of the circadian clock can not only
lead to obesity, but also increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease (10). Changes in circadian rhythms among
shift workers is the cause of restlessness, irritability, bad mood,
gastrointestinal tract disorders, and decreased sleep duration and work
efficiency (11, 12). Shift workers individuals often
suffer from sleep disorders due to their sleeping and waking cycle. In
addition, the main cause of insomnia in shift workers is changes in the circadian
rhythm (13, 14). Antunes showed that 62% of people
suffer from sleep disorders and insomnia is the most common complaint of shift
workers (15). Dorrian et al.
concluded that shift work causes increases the body weight and this causes an increase
in BMI and waist circumference. Shift workers
are exposed to greater health risks compared with those who work standard
hours. Those who work at night may be at risk of ill health because shift work
can disrupt the circadian rhythms (internal clock) by interfering with the
production of melatonin (16). Shift worker are exposed to physical
and mental illnesses such as cardiovascular problems, depression, irritability,
problems with co-workers, and digestive diseases more than others. Occupational risk factors are high in shift workers. Therefore, the
current study aimed to investigate the relationship of BMI and waist-hip ratio
(WHR) with shift work among military personnel.
Material and Methods
This
cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 male military personnel in Southern
Iran in June-July 2016. The
participants were divided into two groups based on their working schedule; day
work (from 7 am to 4 pm; N = 50) and shift work (from 7 pm to 7 am; N = 50) (13). The two groups were similar in terms of type of work. The subjects were
selected through simple random sampling. Data collection tools consisted of a
tape measure with a precision of 1 cm and a digital balance (NBL 223e model) with
a precision of 0.001 gr. Written consent forms were obtained from all those who
accepted to participate in the study after receiving details about the study
methods and objectives. Participants ensured that their information would
remain anonymous and the data would be kept in a safe place and would not be
used for any purposes other than for the present study. An approval was also obtained
from the ethics committee. The inclusion criteria included lack of history of
hypertension or other medical problems and 6 months experience of shift work. The exclusion criteria were consisted
of pain or discomfort in various body organs, and unwillingness to participate
in the study. BMI is calculated by dividing weight by height squared and expressed
as kg/m2. The range of BMI signifying underweight to obesity includes underweight: under 18.5 kg/m2,
normal weight: 18.5 to 25
kg/m2ý, overweight: 25 to 30 kg/m2, and obese: over 30 kg/m2 (17). The WHR is calculated
by dividing waist circumference by hip circumference. The range of WHR signifying normal weight
to obesity includes normal weight: under 0.90 m, overweight: 0.90 to 0.99 m,
obesity: over 1 m (18). In the present study, first, the subjects’ heights were
measured in terms of meter using a tape measure, then, their weight was
measured in terms of Kg using a digital balance, and then, BMI was calculated [weight
(kg)/height (m)2]. For measurement of WHR, first, waist circumference
and hip circumference were measured in terms of cm using a tape measure, and then,
WHR was calculated (waist circumference/hip circumference). Data analysis was performed using
descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation in SPSS software
(version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All P values of less than 0.05 were
considered statistically significant.
Results
In terms of
marital status, 42 participants were single (day work: 26, shift work: 16), and 58 were married (day
work: 24, shift work: 34). Demographic variables of age and work experience are
presented in table 1.
Table 1: Demographic
variables of age and work experience of 50 day work and 50 shift work personnel
Variable |
Shift |
Mean
± SD |
Range |
Age (year) |
Day work |
36.00 ± 3.84 |
26-36 |
Shift work |
37.00 ± 2.45 |
25-38 |
|
Work experience (year) |
Day work |
12.16 ± 2.62 |
3-13 |
Shift work |
13.84 ± 3.71 |
1-15 |
According to
table 1, the average age and work experience of shift workers were higher than day
workers.
The height,
weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, and WHR of the participants
are presented in table 2.
Table 2: The height,
weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body mass index, and waist-hip
ratio of participants
Variable |
Shift |
Mean
± SD |
Minimum-maximum |
Height (cm) |
Day work |
184.00 ± ý2.04 |
171-186 |
Shift work |
181ý.00
± ý4.35 |
172-184 |
|
Weight (kg) |
Day work |
79.60ý
± ý4.26 |
69-85 |
Shift work |
84.07ý
± ý7.17 |
78-96 |
|
Waist circumference (cm) |
Day work |
79.01ý
± ý2.24 |
75-81 |
Shift work |
92ý.00
± ý1.06 |
80-95 |
|
Hip circumference (cm) |
Day work |
84.22ý
± ý1.09 |
81-87 |
Shift work |
95.84ý
± ý3.78 |
86-97 |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
Day work |
23.07ý
± ý1.26 |
19.3-25.9 |
Shift work |
27.09ý
± ý1.94 |
23.1-28.3 |
|
Waist-hip ratio (m) |
Day work |
0.86ý
± ý0.20 |
0.77-0.91 |
Shift work |
0.97ý
± ý0.06 |
0.85-0.98 |
According to
table 2, mean body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, and WHR
of shift workers was higher than day
workers. Table 3 shows the Pearson correlation
coefficients of BMI and WHR of day and shift workers.
Table 3: Pearson
correlation coefficients of body mass index and waist-hip ratio of day and
shift workers
Shift |
Pearson correlation (r) |
P |
|
Body
mass index |
Day
work |
0.31 |
0.010 |
Shift
work |
0.71 |
0.001 |
|
Waist-hip
ratio |
Day
work |
0.22 |
0.010 |
Shift
work |
0.64 |
0.001 |
According to
table 3, the Pearson correlation coefficient for BMI (r = 0.71) and WHR (r = 0.64)
of shift workers were higher than that of day workers. The
classification of BMI and WHR of day and shift workers are presented in table
4.
Table 4: Body mass index and waist-hip ratio classification of day and shift workers
Variable |
Shift |
Status |
Percentage )%( |
Body mass index |
Day work |
Normal |
86.2 |
Overweight |
13.8 |
||
Shift work |
Normal |
18.4 |
|
|
Overweight |
81.6 |
|
Waist-hip ratio |
Day work |
Normal |
83.1 |
Overweight |
16.9 |
||
Shift work |
Normal |
19.7 |
|
Overweight |
80.3 |
According to table 4, the percentage of overweight WHR
and BMI was higher among shift workers than day workers.
The findings of this study revealed that 81.6% of shift
workers had a BMI of higher than 25 and 80.3% of shift workers ýhad
a WHR of higher than 0.90. Moreover, 86.2% of day workers had a BMI of less
than 25 and 83.1% of day workers had a WHR of less than 0.90.
One-way ANOVA showed
that age (P = 0.040) and work experience (P = 0.040) had a
significant relationship with BMI and WHR among day workers. One-way ANOVA results also showed
that age (P = 0.001) and work experience (P = 0.001) had a significant
relationship with BMI and WHR among shift workers.
Figure 1: Linear
regression (scatter plot) of age with body mass index in day and shift workers
According to
figures 1 and 2, linear regression (scatter plot) showed that with increasing
age and work experience, little change was observed in BMI of day workers, but
a rapid change was observed in BMI of shift workers.
Figure 2: Linear
regression (scatter plot) of work experience with body mass index of day and shift workers
According to figures
3 and 4, linear regression (scatter plot) showed that with increasing age and
work experience, little change was observed in WHR of day workers, but a rapid
change was observed in WHR of shift workers.
Figure 3: Linear regression (scatter plot) of age
with waist-hip ratio in day and shift workers
Figure 4: Linear regression (scatter plot) of work
experience with waist-hip ratio of day and shift workers
Discussion
Today, with the rapid growth of technology, increasing
rate of production in military departments, and establishment of 24-hour
centers such as military centers, shift work has become an inevitable element
of many occupational activities. Shift work can cause disturbances in the body's natural
cycle among night workers and shift workers. Shift work disrupts sleep among night workers and may
also have an impact on the duration of their illness. In addition, considerable
evidence indicates that shift workers suffer from physical and mental disorders. Obesity is a health
problem that may cause other diseases. One of the risk factors obesity is shift
work (19).
Mean body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference,
BMI, and WHR of shift workers were higher than day workers. According to the
linear regression graphs, BMI and WHR of the shift workers changed more than that
of the day workers. Ishizaki
et al. investigated the influence of work characteristics on BMI and WHR in
Japan and concluded that the BMI of shift workers was higher than day workers (20). This finding confirmed the present
study findings. Lorenzo et al. studied the effect shift work on BMI and found
that shiftwork has impact on weight, BMI, and waist circumference that confirmed
the findings of the present study (21). Morikawa et
al. showed that overweight among shift workers was more than the day workers,
which is consistent with the results of this study (22). The
relationship between shift work and obesity has been observed in longitudinal
studies such as the studies by Niedhammer and Biggi. Shift work has been
associated with a range of health problems including an increased risk of
diabetes, heart disease, and stroke (23, 24). Antunes et al.
investigated
the effect of shift work on BMI and WHR concluded the
difference was significant in waist circumference and BMI of shift workers than
day works, which was consistent with the results of this study (25). The results of
this study showed that with increasing age and work experience, rapid changes were
observed in BMI and WHR, which was in agreement with the results of the study by
Suwazono et al. (26). Moreover, the results of the study by Gholami Fesharaki
et al. showed that with increasing age and work experience, the rates of
obesity and BMI also increased that confirms the results of this study (27).
Khademian et al. investigated the relationship between night
work and nurses’ anthropometric indices and concluded that shift work has an incremental
impact on BMI, WHR, and abdominal circumference (28). In the present study, BMI
and waist circumference of shift workers were higher than day workers. This
finding was in agreement with the findings of the study by Khademian et al. (28). Zayeri et al.
assessed the relationship between shift work and BMI in petrochemical staff (29).
They found a significant increase in BMI of all shift workers. Furthermore, the
average annual trend of BMI in shift workers was about 0.12 kg/m2
higher than day workers, which confirms the findings of the present study (29).
Thus, interventions such as exercise after shift work to
prevent overweight and obesity, avoidance of long duration of shift work, lack
of consumption of heavy and fatty foods that cause drowsiness and loss of functionality
and sugar-rich products such as soft drinks, sugar, sweets, and sugary drinks, job rotation, and consumption of lean meat, especially fish, vegetables and salads, whole
grains, and low-fat yogurt, in shift workers have been suggested
(30).
The
limitation of this study was the lack of opportunity to utilize a larger sample
size.
Conclusion
The results point to the need to
consider shift and night work in obesity control programs at the workplace. The
results of this study showed a direction significant correlation between shift
work, and BMI and WHR. The findings of this study showed that shift work increased
the risk of overweight and obesity. Increased BMI and WHR are the cause of
disease and require intervention measures.
Acknowledgments
The present study was funded by the studied military center. The authors
would like to thank all who participated in this research project and Mr Ghasemi
for his assistance.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
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* Corresponding
author: Mehdi Ashnagar, MSc in Industrial Psychology, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Email: m.ashna63@yahoo.com