Journal of Occupational
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Rafsanjan university Of medical sciences
Volume 6, Issue 4 (Autumn 2017)
J Occup Health Epidemiol 2017, 6(4): 199-206 |
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Dargahi S, Rezaiee Ahvanuiee M, Ghasemi Jobaneh R, Khorasani A. The effect of relationship enhancement approach training on job stress and quality of marital relationship among municipality staffs. J Occup Health Epidemiol 2017; 6 (4) :199-206
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1- Faculty of Education Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2- Dept. of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
4- Head of the Counseling Center, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. ,khorasani .dubs@gmail.com
2- Dept. of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
4- Head of the Counseling Center, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. ,
Article history
Received: 2017/09/29
Accepted: 2017/11/1
ePublished: 2018/01/8
Accepted: 2017/11/1
ePublished: 2018/01/8
Subject:
Occupational Health
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Introduction
Regardless of financial income, job provides basic needs of a human such as physical and mental practice, social connection or relationship, self-worth, confidence, and competence (1). Meanwhile, job can also be a fundamental source of stress (2). Job stress, at a moderate level, exists as a part of every human life, but it can become a source of failure and cognitive-behavioral disorders if it gets chronic and constant (3-5). Job stress is related to various negative consequences. Accordingly, research results have indicated that there is a significant relationship between job stress and job dissatisfaction (6), depression (7), anxiety (8), and mental disorders (9). Job stress is one of the most important stresses with an external origin that can indirectly exert a negative effect on marital quality (10, 11). In other words, when responsibilities, concerns, and pressures from job or family fields infiltrate into the other field, the balance between these two fields would be disturbed (12). In fact, there is a Mutual relationship between work and family and the tension experienced by the person at work can affect his or her family relationships and vice versa (13-15). Research results in these area have suggested that job-family conflict is related to a wide range of negative consequences such as low levels of well-being (16, 17), marital satisfaction (18), enjoying the moments of life (19), emotional tensions with depression symptoms (20), family satisfaction (21), workload and burnout (22), organizational commitment (23).
One of the programs that affects the family and professional problems of employees is the enrichment program (24). Relationship-associated problems are accompanied by negative consequences such as loneliness and reduced quality in family relationships, career relationships, and relationships with friends. Therefore, psychologists and particularly family therapists have proposed the relationship enhancement (RE) program for improving interpersonal relationships, reducing interpersonal conflicts and improving their relationships. RE is an approach which integrates psychoanalytic, behavioral, interpersonal, and humanistic approaches. The purpose of enhancement in the job-family area is to increase the individuals’ life in one role through the experience they have gained in the other role. In this approach, job can enhance family- and career-life (25). Various reports have shown the effectiveness of the RE program on increasing couple intimacy (25), increasing life satisfaction (26, 27), improving marital quality (28), enhancing life quality (29), increasing psychological adjustment (30, 31), and commitment and trust (32, 33).
Although most of the above-mentioned evidence indicate the direct effectiveness of the relationship enhancement program on marital relationship, the existing gap in researches conducted in the field of job-family enhancement and the importance of the relationship enhancement program in solving job conflicts and increasing emotional relationships has led the researchers to investigate the effectiveness of the RE program on job stress and marital quality.
Material and Methods
The present research is an applied research which was conducted by an experimental method with a pretest-posttest with control group design. The statistical population in this study was the married staff of the Municipality of Karaj, Iran, in the spring of 2015. After receiving the introduction letter for Municipality and the agreement of the educational department of this center, the present research was introduced to the municipality staff. The inclusion criteria for the current research were as follows: the education level of diploma (at least), being married and having at least one child. Among 85 qualified individuals enrolled for participation in the research, 30 individuals were selected through simple random sampling method (by a sortation method) to participate in the research in the frame of in-service courses. Finally, they were assigned to two experiment and control groups (15 per group). In this study, the following questionnaires were used for collecting the data:
Job stress inventory: This inventory was developed by Spielberger and includes 30 items. The respondents rate each item according to the intensity of stress they would create from one to nine. The minimum score is 30 and the maximum score obtained in this inventory is 270. In Iran, a research conducted by Esfandyari et al. showed the reliability of 0.84 by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (34).
Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital Status (GRIMS): The GRIMS inventory (35) includes 28 statements with 4 options for the answers: completely disagree, disagree, agree and completely agree. The respondents choose one of the 4 options according to their marital status. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 84. A high score indicates a poor marital status. This inventory has been developed by Rust et al. which is used for evaluating the quality of the marital relationship. This inventory shows the individuals’ overall assessment of their life. In a research in Iran, the reliability was reported to be 0.91 for women and 0.89 for men through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which indicates the authenticity of this inventory for Iranian culture (36).
After random assignment of the individuals in two groups, and according to the score of mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the dependent variables in the pretest, the experiment group received the RE program and the control group was put in the waiting list and received no intervention. It was explained to the participants that the training sessions were designed for two purposes: first, to help them improve their relationships in work and family fields, and second, for conducting a research. After completing the questionnaires as the pretest by both groups, the experiment group received seven 90-minute training sessions of RE program. The control group received no intervention in this step, but for the ethical issues related to the research, another course was held for the control group after finishing the research. It should be noted that this training course lasted from early May to early July of 2015. In terms of ethical considerations, the confidentiality of the information was explained and a written consent was taken from the participants. Furthermore, the current research owns an ethical code from Kharazmi University of Tehran, Iran.
The protocol for RE training sessions (28) in the present research is listed in table 1. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in the significance level of 0.05.
Regardless of financial income, job provides basic needs of a human such as physical and mental practice, social connection or relationship, self-worth, confidence, and competence (1). Meanwhile, job can also be a fundamental source of stress (2). Job stress, at a moderate level, exists as a part of every human life, but it can become a source of failure and cognitive-behavioral disorders if it gets chronic and constant (3-5). Job stress is related to various negative consequences. Accordingly, research results have indicated that there is a significant relationship between job stress and job dissatisfaction (6), depression (7), anxiety (8), and mental disorders (9). Job stress is one of the most important stresses with an external origin that can indirectly exert a negative effect on marital quality (10, 11). In other words, when responsibilities, concerns, and pressures from job or family fields infiltrate into the other field, the balance between these two fields would be disturbed (12). In fact, there is a Mutual relationship between work and family and the tension experienced by the person at work can affect his or her family relationships and vice versa (13-15). Research results in these area have suggested that job-family conflict is related to a wide range of negative consequences such as low levels of well-being (16, 17), marital satisfaction (18), enjoying the moments of life (19), emotional tensions with depression symptoms (20), family satisfaction (21), workload and burnout (22), organizational commitment (23).
One of the programs that affects the family and professional problems of employees is the enrichment program (24). Relationship-associated problems are accompanied by negative consequences such as loneliness and reduced quality in family relationships, career relationships, and relationships with friends. Therefore, psychologists and particularly family therapists have proposed the relationship enhancement (RE) program for improving interpersonal relationships, reducing interpersonal conflicts and improving their relationships. RE is an approach which integrates psychoanalytic, behavioral, interpersonal, and humanistic approaches. The purpose of enhancement in the job-family area is to increase the individuals’ life in one role through the experience they have gained in the other role. In this approach, job can enhance family- and career-life (25). Various reports have shown the effectiveness of the RE program on increasing couple intimacy (25), increasing life satisfaction (26, 27), improving marital quality (28), enhancing life quality (29), increasing psychological adjustment (30, 31), and commitment and trust (32, 33).
Although most of the above-mentioned evidence indicate the direct effectiveness of the relationship enhancement program on marital relationship, the existing gap in researches conducted in the field of job-family enhancement and the importance of the relationship enhancement program in solving job conflicts and increasing emotional relationships has led the researchers to investigate the effectiveness of the RE program on job stress and marital quality.
Material and Methods
The present research is an applied research which was conducted by an experimental method with a pretest-posttest with control group design. The statistical population in this study was the married staff of the Municipality of Karaj, Iran, in the spring of 2015. After receiving the introduction letter for Municipality and the agreement of the educational department of this center, the present research was introduced to the municipality staff. The inclusion criteria for the current research were as follows: the education level of diploma (at least), being married and having at least one child. Among 85 qualified individuals enrolled for participation in the research, 30 individuals were selected through simple random sampling method (by a sortation method) to participate in the research in the frame of in-service courses. Finally, they were assigned to two experiment and control groups (15 per group). In this study, the following questionnaires were used for collecting the data:
Job stress inventory: This inventory was developed by Spielberger and includes 30 items. The respondents rate each item according to the intensity of stress they would create from one to nine. The minimum score is 30 and the maximum score obtained in this inventory is 270. In Iran, a research conducted by Esfandyari et al. showed the reliability of 0.84 by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (34).
Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital Status (GRIMS): The GRIMS inventory (35) includes 28 statements with 4 options for the answers: completely disagree, disagree, agree and completely agree. The respondents choose one of the 4 options according to their marital status. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 84. A high score indicates a poor marital status. This inventory has been developed by Rust et al. which is used for evaluating the quality of the marital relationship. This inventory shows the individuals’ overall assessment of their life. In a research in Iran, the reliability was reported to be 0.91 for women and 0.89 for men through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which indicates the authenticity of this inventory for Iranian culture (36).
After random assignment of the individuals in two groups, and according to the score of mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the dependent variables in the pretest, the experiment group received the RE program and the control group was put in the waiting list and received no intervention. It was explained to the participants that the training sessions were designed for two purposes: first, to help them improve their relationships in work and family fields, and second, for conducting a research. After completing the questionnaires as the pretest by both groups, the experiment group received seven 90-minute training sessions of RE program. The control group received no intervention in this step, but for the ethical issues related to the research, another course was held for the control group after finishing the research. It should be noted that this training course lasted from early May to early July of 2015. In terms of ethical considerations, the confidentiality of the information was explained and a written consent was taken from the participants. Furthermore, the current research owns an ethical code from Kharazmi University of Tehran, Iran.
The protocol for RE training sessions (28) in the present research is listed in table 1. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in the significance level of 0.05.
Table 1: The protocol for relationship enhancement (RE) training sessions
| Session | Aim |
| 1 | Conducting the pretest, getting familiar with the group administrator, introducing the group members, explaining the rules and determining the frameworks, and describing general principles of relational enhancement skills with assigning the task |
| 2 | Helping the individuals to deepen their empathetic mutual understanding skill and have an emotional bond in their dialogue. They also had to improve the empathy skill in their connections and appreciate what others do. A task is also assigned to the group. |
| 3 | Helping the individuals to improve the cooperation spirit by their discussion/negotiation skill in order to facilitate an open relationship, and finally enhance their collaborative problem-solving skill. Also, they must express themselves in a way that minimizes the defensive posture of the other person, along with a task. |
| 4 | Helping the individuals to improve their ability to control emotions and manage the conflict condition in a more effective way so that security and respect would be maintained in their relationships, along with a task |
| 5 | By problem/conflict-solving skill in creating a solution, agreement or an action plan, the individuals are helped to learn an approach which increases the possibility of gaining a satisfactory result for both sides, along with task |
| 6 | Through the skill of changing behavior (of oneself) and helping others to change, the individuals are helped to increase the possibility of successful execution of a consensus change in their behavior. Also, by using facilitation skill, keep their dialogues in an appropriate direction and monitor (control) their dialogues. A task is also given. |
| 7 | The individuals are helped to stabilize the place of these skills in their life by generalization skill, and enhance these skills in long-term by using maintenance skill. Finally, summarization and posttest would be done |
Results
Mean ± SD of age in the experiment group was 36.00 ± 5.13, while it was 35.53 ± 5.80 for the control group. According to results of table 2, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the scores of experiment and control groups in the pretest phase, while the reduction in scores of job stress and increase in scores of marital quality in the posttest phase were more in the experiment group compared to the control group.
Mean ± SD of age in the experiment group was 36.00 ± 5.13, while it was 35.53 ± 5.80 for the control group. According to results of table 2, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the scores of experiment and control groups in the pretest phase, while the reduction in scores of job stress and increase in scores of marital quality in the posttest phase were more in the experiment group compared to the control group.
Table 2: Frequency distribution of demographic characteristics of subjects in two groups
| Demographic characteristics | Experimental group | Control group | P* | |
| Education | Diploma | 6 (40) | 6 (40) | 0.071 |
| Bachelor | 6 (40) | 5 (34) | ||
| Employed | 3 (20) | 4 (26) | ||
| Age | 20-25 | 4 (26) | 4 (26) | 0.06 |
| 25-30 | 6 (40) | 5 (34) | ||
| 30-40 | 5 (34) | 6 (40) | ||
| Economic status | Low | 3 (20) | 4 (26) | 0.07 |
| Moderate | 8 (54) | 8 (54) | ||
| High | 4 (26) | 3 (20) | ||
Data are shown as number (%), *Chi-square test
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the normality of the scores distribution. The results indicated that the assumption of normality in data distribution was established in both phases of job stress and marital quality (P > 0.05). The Levene’s test also showed that the F value seen in the 0.05 significance level was not significant (P > 0.05); therefore, the variance of job stress and marital quality between the participants (experiment and control groups) was not different and the variances were equal. The univariate ANCOVA was used for examining the effectiveness of the RE program and the results are shown in tables 3 and 4.
Table 3: Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the scores of pretest and posttest research variables in married staff of the Municipality of Karaj, Iran, in 2015
| Variable | Experiment | Control | ||
| Pretest | Posttest | Pretest | Posttest | |
| Job stress | 106.07 ± 25.56 | 91.47 ± 15.57 | 99.40 ± 17.85 | 96.73 ± 14.79 |
| Marital quality | 38.40 ± 2.23 | 46.40 ± 7.37 | 40.47 ± 3.73 | 39.53 ± 5.08 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD)
As observed in table 4, the difference between mean scores of job stress in the posttest after controlling for scores of pretest in both groups was significant. It was shown that RE training reduced job stress (P = 0.01, F = 6.19). Also, ANCOVA results displayed 18% of effect size.
As can be seen in table 5, the difference between mean scores of marital quality in the posttest after controlling for scores of pretest in both groups was significant. It means that RE training led to increase in marital quality (P < 0.01, F = 7.79). Also, results of ANCOVA test showed 22% of effect size.
As can be seen in table 5, the difference between mean scores of marital quality in the posttest after controlling for scores of pretest in both groups was significant. It means that RE training led to increase in marital quality (P < 0.01, F = 7.79). Also, results of ANCOVA test showed 22% of effect size.
Table 4: Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for job stress of married staff of the Municipality of Karaj, Iran, in 2015
| Source of variation | Sum of squares | Degree of freedom | Mean of squares | F | Significance | Effect size |
| Pretest | 3955.20 | 1 | 3955.20 | 42.62 | 0.01 | 0.61 |
| Group | 574.67 | 1 | 574.67 | 6.19 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
| Error | 2505.46 | 27 | 92.79 | - | - | - |
| Total | 272313 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Table 5: Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for marital quality of married staff of the Municipality of Karaj, Iran, in 2015
| Source of variation | Sum of squares | Degree of freedom | Mean of squares | F | Significance | Effect size |
| Pretest | 0.53 | 1 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.10 |
| Group | 324.09 | 1 | 324.09 | 7.79 | 0.01 | 0.22 |
| Error | 1122.80 | 27 | 41.58 | - | - | - |
| Total | 56861 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Discussion
The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of RE approach on job stress and marital quality among the staff of Municipality. Accordingly, results of the present research suggested that training of RE approach can be effective in reducing job stress and increasing marital stress (P < 0.01). These results can be partly consistent with other studies which have considered the effectiveness of RE approach on quality of life and marital intimacy (22-24). Also, findings of the current research are consistent with results of the research of Rezaiee Ahvanuiee which indicated that training of RE approach is effective on career-family conflict (37).
Researchers have attributed the high effectiveness of RE approach to different factors such as increasing psychological-emotional satisfaction in close relationships and reducing conflict and struggles (38). In fact, establishing and maintaining a healthy and satisfactory marital relationship requires a number of conditions. Providing an intimate atmosphere among couples, optimism, equality, flexibility, sense of agency and awareness, commitment and loyalty, equity and peaceful resolving of problems are among the characteristics of a healthy and effective relationship in a family which is a necessary requirement for stabilizing marital relationships and, therefore, having a satisfactory life.
On the other hand, research reports have shown that conflict, as the main source of stress, leads to harmful consequences for the physical and mental health of employed individuals, such as poor performance in parental-marital tasks, moodiness, reduced life satisfaction, and low mental health (39). Other evidence suggests that job-role stress decreases life satisfaction (40). The RE approach for appropriate comping against stressful conditions, especially in job environments, helps individuals to become less distressed and possess higher resilience in face of problems, and therefore, their mental health is improved which is among basic inhibitors and protectors against job stress (41). RE seeks to satisfy the mutual needs in the relationship and also tries to create a desirable status through understanding personal-practical differences and similarities. In RE program, individuals first try to find a personal identity and satisfy mutual needs in the relationship, and they try to consider these needs and purposes as the aim of forming the relationship. Then, by teaching skills such as empathy, discussion and negotiation, conflict management, and solving issue/conflict, individuals learn that they must try to form the relationship in line with improving and enhancing interpersonal relationships which are truly a fundamental basis for conflict-solving (28).
The present research was conducted for the staff of Municipality of Karaj in 2015, and we should be cautious in generalizing the findings to other statistical populations. According to the effectiveness of the RE program on solving the job-family conflict in the present research, it is recommended that RE training would be used for solving conflict among all the staff in order to reduce job stress and improve marital quality among these individuals. Furthermore, it is recommended that the association between the duration of relationship enhancement training and its effectiveness in solving job-family stress would be investigated in future research.
Conclusion
Findings of the present research showed the importance of training based RE in reducing job stress and increasing marital quality. Therefore, in educational programs conducted for increasing performance among staff, the important role of the family should be noted along with the job. Moreover, in addition to conducting certain programs for improving quality of job life among the staff, improvement of their family function should also be considered.
Acknowledgements
We appreciate the cooperation of the staff and authorities of Municipality of Karaj in the present research.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of RE approach on job stress and marital quality among the staff of Municipality. Accordingly, results of the present research suggested that training of RE approach can be effective in reducing job stress and increasing marital stress (P < 0.01). These results can be partly consistent with other studies which have considered the effectiveness of RE approach on quality of life and marital intimacy (22-24). Also, findings of the current research are consistent with results of the research of Rezaiee Ahvanuiee which indicated that training of RE approach is effective on career-family conflict (37).
Researchers have attributed the high effectiveness of RE approach to different factors such as increasing psychological-emotional satisfaction in close relationships and reducing conflict and struggles (38). In fact, establishing and maintaining a healthy and satisfactory marital relationship requires a number of conditions. Providing an intimate atmosphere among couples, optimism, equality, flexibility, sense of agency and awareness, commitment and loyalty, equity and peaceful resolving of problems are among the characteristics of a healthy and effective relationship in a family which is a necessary requirement for stabilizing marital relationships and, therefore, having a satisfactory life.
On the other hand, research reports have shown that conflict, as the main source of stress, leads to harmful consequences for the physical and mental health of employed individuals, such as poor performance in parental-marital tasks, moodiness, reduced life satisfaction, and low mental health (39). Other evidence suggests that job-role stress decreases life satisfaction (40). The RE approach for appropriate comping against stressful conditions, especially in job environments, helps individuals to become less distressed and possess higher resilience in face of problems, and therefore, their mental health is improved which is among basic inhibitors and protectors against job stress (41). RE seeks to satisfy the mutual needs in the relationship and also tries to create a desirable status through understanding personal-practical differences and similarities. In RE program, individuals first try to find a personal identity and satisfy mutual needs in the relationship, and they try to consider these needs and purposes as the aim of forming the relationship. Then, by teaching skills such as empathy, discussion and negotiation, conflict management, and solving issue/conflict, individuals learn that they must try to form the relationship in line with improving and enhancing interpersonal relationships which are truly a fundamental basis for conflict-solving (28).
The present research was conducted for the staff of Municipality of Karaj in 2015, and we should be cautious in generalizing the findings to other statistical populations. According to the effectiveness of the RE program on solving the job-family conflict in the present research, it is recommended that RE training would be used for solving conflict among all the staff in order to reduce job stress and improve marital quality among these individuals. Furthermore, it is recommended that the association between the duration of relationship enhancement training and its effectiveness in solving job-family stress would be investigated in future research.
Conclusion
Findings of the present research showed the importance of training based RE in reducing job stress and increasing marital quality. Therefore, in educational programs conducted for increasing performance among staff, the important role of the family should be noted along with the job. Moreover, in addition to conducting certain programs for improving quality of job life among the staff, improvement of their family function should also be considered.
Acknowledgements
We appreciate the cooperation of the staff and authorities of Municipality of Karaj in the present research.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
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