Journal of Occupational
Health and Epidemiology
Rafsanjan university Of medical sciences
Volume 10, Issue 4 (Autumn 2021)
J Occup Health Epidemiol 2021, 10(4): 274-281 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hossini Rafsanjanipoor S M, Zakeri M A, Dehghan M, Kahnooji M, Zakeri M. Psychological Consequences of the COVID-19 Disease among Physicians and Medical Students: A Survey in Kerman Province, Iran, in 2020. J Occup Health Epidemiol 2021; 10 (4) :274-281
URL: http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-447-en.html
URL: http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-447-en.html
Related article in
Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Similar articles
Sayed Mortaza Hossini Rafsanjanipoor1 
, Mohammad Ali Zakeri * 2, Mahlagha Dehghan3 , Mahmood Kahnooji4 , Maryam Zakeri5
, Mohammad Ali Zakeri * 2, Mahlagha Dehghan3 , Mahmood Kahnooji4 , Maryam Zakeri5
1- MSc in Epidemiology, Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
2- MSc in Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. ,ma.zakeri115@gmail.com
3- Assistant Prof., Dept. of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
4- Assistant Prof., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
5- MSc in Physiology, Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
2- MSc in Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. ,
3- Assistant Prof., Dept. of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
4- Assistant Prof., Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
5- MSc in Physiology, Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Article history
Received: 2021/08/1
Accepted: 2021/12/1
ePublished: 2021/12/25
Accepted: 2021/12/1
ePublished: 2021/12/25
Subject:
Occupational Health
Abstract: (1849 Views)
Background: The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic can have many adverse personal and professional consequences for physicians and medical students. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 disease in physicians and medical students during the pandemic.
Materials and Methods: Using the census method, this cross-sectional study was conducted on 132 physicians and medical students working in Rafsanjan hospitals, Kerman province, Iran, from May to August 2020. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), and Impact of Event Scale (IES) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22, and descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and Multiple logistic regression) methods were applied.
Results: More than half of the participants were female and married. According to GHQ, fifty-one and a half of the participants had psychological disorders. Based on the results, 24.2% of the participants had GAD, and 33.3% had PTSD. The results also showed that only occupation significantly correlated with psychological disorders (P = 0.01). The risk of psychological disorders in medical students was 2.38 times higher than among physicians (OR= 2.38, 95% CI= 1.11- 5.10, P = 0.026).
Conclusion: Physicians and medical students were faced too much stress in the COVID-19 pandemic. They were at great risk of mental health disorders and the psychological consequences of COVID-19 due to their job condition. Managers and health policymakers need to take the necessary mental health interventions to reduce such risks.
References
1. Moradi-Joo M, Babazadeh T, Honarvar Z, Mohabat-Bahar S, Rahmati-Najarkolaei F, Haghighi M. The Relationship between Spiritual Health and Public Health Aspects among Patients with Breast Cancer. Res Relig Health 2017; 3(3):80-91. [DOI]
2. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry 2020; 42(3):232-5. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
3. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:916-9. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Saddik B, Hussein A, Sharif-Askari FS, Kheder W, Temsah MH, Koutaich RA, et al. Increased Levels of Anxiety among Medical and Non-Medical University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United Arab Emirates. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:2395. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Zakeri MA, Hossini Rafsanjanipoor SM, Sedri N, Kahnooji M, Sanji Rafsanjani M, Zakeri M, et al. Psychosocial status during the prevalence of COVID-19 disease: the comparison between healthcare workers and general population. Curr Psychol 2021:1-9.doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01582-1. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Zakeri MA, Hossini Rafsanjanipoor SM, Zakeri M, Dehghan M. The relationship between frontline nurses' psychosocial status, satisfaction with life and resilience during the prevalence of COVID-19 disease. Nurs Open 2021; 8(4):1829-39. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
7. Zakeri MA, Rahiminezhad E, Salehi F, Ganjeh H, Dehghan M. Burnout, Anxiety, Stress, and Depression among Iranian Nurses: Before and During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:789737. [DOI] [PMCID]
8. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLPoS One 2020; 15(4):e0231924. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. Zeng W, Chen R, Wang X, Zhang Q, Deng W. Prevalence of mental health problems among medical students in China: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltomore) 2019; 98(18):e15337. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(5):1729. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
11. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res 2020; 287:112934. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Devnani M. Factors associated with the willingness of health care personnel to work during an influenza public health emergency: an integrative review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27(6):551-66. [DOI] [PMID]
13. Styra R, Hawryluck L, Robinson S, Kasapinovic S, Fones C, Gold WL. Impact on health care workers employed in high-risk areas during the Toronto SARS outbreak. J Psychosom Res 2008; 64(2):177-83. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
14. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3(3):e203976. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Goulia P, Mantas C, Dimitroula D, Mantis D, Hyphantis T. General hospital staff worries, perceived sufficiency of information and associated psychological distress during the A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:322. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
16. Stewart-Brown S, Evans J, Patterson J, Petersen S, Doll H, Balding J, et al. The health of students in institutes of higher education: an important and neglected public health problem? J Public Health Med 2000; 22(4):492-9. [DOI] [PMID]
17. Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55(1):56-64. [DOI] [PMID]
18. Lins L, Carvalho FM, Menezes MS, Porto-Silva L, Damasceno H. Health-related quality of life of students from a private medical school in Brazil. Int J Med Educ 2015; 6:149-54. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223):497-506. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care 2008; 46(3):266-74. [DOI] [PMID]
21. Rahmani F, Behshid M, Zamanzadeh V, Rahmani F. Relationship between general health, occupational stress and burnout in critical care nurses of Tabriz teaching hospitals. Iran J Nurs 2010; 23(66):54-63. [Article]
22. Modanloo M. The challenge of increasing adherence in schizophrenia: Focusing future research on changing attitudes of patients. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 36:28. [DOI] [PMID]
23. Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care 2008; 46(3):266-74. [DOI] [PMID]
24. Naeinian MR, Shaeiri MR, Sharif M, Hadian M. To Study Reliability and Validity for A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). Clin Psychol Personal 2011; 9(1):41-50.
25. Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale—Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, Eds. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. 1st ed. New York, NY, United States: Guilford Press; 1996.
26. Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S. Psychometric Properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41(12):1489-96. [DOI] [PMID]
27. Iranmanesh S, Shamsi A, Dehghan M. Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among Iranian Parents of Children during Cancer Treatment. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2015; 36(4):279-85. [DOI] [PMID]
28. Zakeri MA, Hossini Rafsanjanipoor SM, Kahnooji M, Ghaedi Heidari F, Dehghan M. Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran: The Role of Social Dysfunction. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209(7):491-6. [DOI] [PMID]
29. Hossini Rafsanjanipoor SM, Zakeri MA, Dehghan M, Kahnooji M, Sanji Rafsanjani M, Ahmadinia H, et al. Iranian psychosocial status and its determinant factors during the prevalence of COVID-19 disease. Psychol Health Med 2021:1-12. doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1874438. [DOI] [PMID]
30. Zakeri MA, Dehghan M, Ghaedi Heidari F, Pakdaman H, Mehdizadeh M, Ganjeh H, et al. Mental health outcomes among health-care workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Ment Health Rev J 2021; 26(2):152-60. [DOI]
31. Zakeri MA, Maazallahi M, Ehsani V, Dehghan M. Iranian Psychosocial status during and after COVID-19 outbreak mandatory quarantine: A cross-sectional study. J Community Psychol 2021; 49(7):2506-16. [DOI] [PMID]
32. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ 2020; 368:m313. [DOI] [PMID]
33. Adamczyk K, Segrin C. Perceived Social Support and Mental Health among Single vs. Partnered Polish Young Adults. Curr Psychol 2015; 34(1):82-96. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Yang N, Xiao H, Wang W, Li S, Yan H, Wang Y. Effects of doctors’ empathy abilities on the cellular immunity of patients with advanced prostate cancer treated by orchiectomy: the mediating role of patients’ stigma, self-efficacy, and anxiety. Patient Prefer Adherence 2018; 12:1305-14. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
35. Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. [Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2020; 40(2):171-6. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
36. Ahmed N, Khan A, Naveed HA, Moizuddin SM, Khan J. Concerns of Undergraduate Medical Students Towards an Outbreak of Covid-19. Int J Curr Med Pharm Res 2020; 6(3):5055-62.
37. Salman M, Asif N, Mustafa ZU, Khan TM, Shehzadi N, Hussain K, et al. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Pakistani University Students and How They Are Coping. Medrxiv [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.21.20108647 [DOI]
38. Civantos AM, Byrnes Y, Chang C, Prasad A, Chorath K, Poonia SK, et al. Mental health among otolaryngology resident and attending physicians during the COVID‐19 pandemic: National study. Head Neck 2020; 42(7):1597-1609. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
39. Zhu J, Sun L, Zhang L, Wang H, Fan A, Yang B, et al. Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in the First-Line Medical Staff Fighting Against COVID-19 in Gansu. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:386. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
40. Hassannia L, Taghizadeh F, Moosazadeh M, Zarghami M, Taghizadeh H, Dooki AF, et al. Anxiety and Depression in Health Workers and General Population During COVID-19 in IRAN: A Cross-Sectional Study. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41(1):40-9. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
41. Grupe DW, Nitschke JB. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14(7):488-501. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
42. Sareen J. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment. Can J Psychiatry 2014; 59(9):460-7. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
43. Tang W, Hu T, Hu B, Jin C, Wang G, Xie C, et al. Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. J Affect Disord 2020; 274;1-7. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
44. Malakoutikhah A, Zakeri MA, Salehi Derakhtanjani A, Dehghan M. Anxiety, anger, and mindfulness as predictors of general health in the general population during COVID‐19 outbreak: A survey in southeast Iran. J Community Psychol 2021. doi:10.1002/jcop.22690. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
45. Zakeri MA, Dehghan M. The Role of Continuing Education in Protecting Nurses against COVID-19 Infection. J Occu Health Epidemiol 2021; 10(2):64-6. [DOI]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
