Journal of Occupational
Health and Epidemiology
Rafsanjan university Of medical sciences
Volume 5, Issue 1 (Winter 2016)
J Occup Health Epidemiol 2016, 5(1): 26-30 |
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Ghazikhanlu-Sani K, Alizadeh M, Mohammadi F, Mohamadpour S, Hadidi S, Mohammadi Y. Evaluation of the level of fear of radiation among radiology staff in hospitals affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2014. J Occup Health Epidemiol 2016; 5 (1) :26-30
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1- Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Para Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
2- Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Para Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. ,Alizadeh_majid@ymail.com
3- Dept. of Radiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
4- Dept of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
2- Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Para Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. ,
3- Dept. of Radiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
4- Dept of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Article history
Received: 2015/08/21
Accepted: 2015/12/6
ePublished: 2016/03/16
Accepted: 2015/12/6
ePublished: 2016/03/16
Subject:
Occupational Health
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Table 1: The demographic characteristics of personnel
Table 2: Relation among variables and personnel’s level of fear
Table 3: Statistical indicators related to the score of fear for each variable
Full-Text: (93 Views)
Introduction
Approximately 30 million workers are professionally exposed to radiation, and of these workers, interventional fluoroscopists (cardiologists and radiologists) are amongst the most exposed. In fact, their annual exposure is equivalent to 5 mSv per year which would lead to a projected lifetime attributable excess cancer risk of 1 in 100 (1). Due to their penetrating ability, hard X-rays are widely used for imaging the inside of objects, e.g., in medical radiography (2). The radiation doses involved in radiology procedures other than interventional procedures are seldom sufficiently large to have deterministic effects (3). By definition, a deterministic effect has a practical threshold in dose, the severity of the effect increases with dose, and it results from damage to many cells. Stochastic effects are those that occur by chance and consist primarily of cancer and genetic effects. Stochastic effects are often revealed years after exposure. The probability of the occurrence of cancer or a genetic effect increases with increase in individual dose (4). However, at no time, even for high doses, is it certain that cancer or genetic damage will be the outcome. Similarly, for stochastic effects, there is no threshold dose below which it is relatively certain that an adverse effect cannot occur. In addition, because stochastic effects can occur in individuals that have not been exposed to radiation above background levels, it can never be determined for certain that an occurrence of cancer or genetic damage was due to a specific exposure (2, 4).
Due to the effects of radiation on health, radiology workers may be afraid of radiation. This fear of radiation can be illogical or positive; illogical fear is fear of radiation that interferes with routine performance. The radiation worker overtaken by this kind of fear may be aware that it is illogical fear, but at the same time be unable to overcome it. On the other hand, positive fear of radiation is due to lack of knowledge and disregard for safety measures (5, 6). In addition, the personnel working in other hospital departments have perhaps experienced fear or stress related to their occupation (7, 8).
One of the most important effective factors on decreasing radiology personnel’s fear of radiation can be awareness of its damages (5). Since 1928, the International System of Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed, maintained, and elaborated the ICRP used worldwide as the common basis for radiological protection standards, legislation, guidelines, programs, and practice. The ICRP offers its recommendations to regulatory and advisory agencies, and provides advice intended to be of help to the management and professional staff with responsibilities for radiological protection (2, 3).
The results of the most recent studies have shown that following the radiological protection standards has caused a decrease in mortality due to cancer among radiology personnel (2).
The fear among radiology personnel as well as the personnel of different departments can affect their function and job satisfaction; radiology assistants, due to fear or stress, may not be able to perform portable radiology or may not have motivation to work for additional hours (9, 10). Radiology personnel generally work with radiology instruments in different hospital departments, and the fear of radiation may affect their function. Other hazards of working with radiation have been studied in recent years (1, 9). Young personnel with little work experience, in comparison with older personnel, may have higher level of radiation fear. The present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the level of radiation fear among radiology personnel in order to offer ways for overcoming fear and stress.
Material and Methods
The present cross-sectional research was conducted among radiology personnel in hospitals affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in the year 2014. The statistical population consisted of all radiology personnel of 5 hospitals in Hamadan.
A questionnaire was designed by the researchers in order to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by 4 professors of the Department of Radiology of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.938).
The number of 70 questionnaires was distributed in 3 different shifts at the hospitals. The questionnaires were collected after 2 weeks. In total, 49 questionnaires were completed and returned by personnel. The questionnaire consisted of 14 multiple choice items scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1-5 (very low to very high). The questions were related to personnel’s feelings during working with a fixed radiography system and portable radiography system, tendency toward working an extra shift, and radiation protection. Their fear of radiation was investigated indirectly in these questions. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine fear. Moreover, variables such as gender, age, education, marital status, and work experience were also considered. The fear of radiation was expressed as a percentage. Furthermore, scores of 14 to 42 indicated low level of fear, 42 to 70 indicated high level of fear, and 42 was considered as the average.
Results
The demographic characteristics of personnel are presented in table 1. As can be seen, 49 personnel were studied, 52% and 48% of whom were, respectively, over 30 years of age and below 30 years of age. In terms of marital status, 66% of the personnel were married and 34% of them were single. Furthermore, 68% of personnel were men and 32% of them were women. In terms of education level, 71% of personnel had a bachelor’s degree, 27% had an associate degree, and 2% had a Master of Science degree. Moreover, 57% of total personnel had less than 10 years of work experience and 43% had more than 10 years of work experience.
Approximately 30 million workers are professionally exposed to radiation, and of these workers, interventional fluoroscopists (cardiologists and radiologists) are amongst the most exposed. In fact, their annual exposure is equivalent to 5 mSv per year which would lead to a projected lifetime attributable excess cancer risk of 1 in 100 (1). Due to their penetrating ability, hard X-rays are widely used for imaging the inside of objects, e.g., in medical radiography (2). The radiation doses involved in radiology procedures other than interventional procedures are seldom sufficiently large to have deterministic effects (3). By definition, a deterministic effect has a practical threshold in dose, the severity of the effect increases with dose, and it results from damage to many cells. Stochastic effects are those that occur by chance and consist primarily of cancer and genetic effects. Stochastic effects are often revealed years after exposure. The probability of the occurrence of cancer or a genetic effect increases with increase in individual dose (4). However, at no time, even for high doses, is it certain that cancer or genetic damage will be the outcome. Similarly, for stochastic effects, there is no threshold dose below which it is relatively certain that an adverse effect cannot occur. In addition, because stochastic effects can occur in individuals that have not been exposed to radiation above background levels, it can never be determined for certain that an occurrence of cancer or genetic damage was due to a specific exposure (2, 4).
Due to the effects of radiation on health, radiology workers may be afraid of radiation. This fear of radiation can be illogical or positive; illogical fear is fear of radiation that interferes with routine performance. The radiation worker overtaken by this kind of fear may be aware that it is illogical fear, but at the same time be unable to overcome it. On the other hand, positive fear of radiation is due to lack of knowledge and disregard for safety measures (5, 6). In addition, the personnel working in other hospital departments have perhaps experienced fear or stress related to their occupation (7, 8).
One of the most important effective factors on decreasing radiology personnel’s fear of radiation can be awareness of its damages (5). Since 1928, the International System of Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed, maintained, and elaborated the ICRP used worldwide as the common basis for radiological protection standards, legislation, guidelines, programs, and practice. The ICRP offers its recommendations to regulatory and advisory agencies, and provides advice intended to be of help to the management and professional staff with responsibilities for radiological protection (2, 3).
The results of the most recent studies have shown that following the radiological protection standards has caused a decrease in mortality due to cancer among radiology personnel (2).
The fear among radiology personnel as well as the personnel of different departments can affect their function and job satisfaction; radiology assistants, due to fear or stress, may not be able to perform portable radiology or may not have motivation to work for additional hours (9, 10). Radiology personnel generally work with radiology instruments in different hospital departments, and the fear of radiation may affect their function. Other hazards of working with radiation have been studied in recent years (1, 9). Young personnel with little work experience, in comparison with older personnel, may have higher level of radiation fear. The present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the level of radiation fear among radiology personnel in order to offer ways for overcoming fear and stress.
Material and Methods
The present cross-sectional research was conducted among radiology personnel in hospitals affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in the year 2014. The statistical population consisted of all radiology personnel of 5 hospitals in Hamadan.
A questionnaire was designed by the researchers in order to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by 4 professors of the Department of Radiology of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.938).
The number of 70 questionnaires was distributed in 3 different shifts at the hospitals. The questionnaires were collected after 2 weeks. In total, 49 questionnaires were completed and returned by personnel. The questionnaire consisted of 14 multiple choice items scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1-5 (very low to very high). The questions were related to personnel’s feelings during working with a fixed radiography system and portable radiography system, tendency toward working an extra shift, and radiation protection. Their fear of radiation was investigated indirectly in these questions. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine fear. Moreover, variables such as gender, age, education, marital status, and work experience were also considered. The fear of radiation was expressed as a percentage. Furthermore, scores of 14 to 42 indicated low level of fear, 42 to 70 indicated high level of fear, and 42 was considered as the average.
Results
The demographic characteristics of personnel are presented in table 1. As can be seen, 49 personnel were studied, 52% and 48% of whom were, respectively, over 30 years of age and below 30 years of age. In terms of marital status, 66% of the personnel were married and 34% of them were single. Furthermore, 68% of personnel were men and 32% of them were women. In terms of education level, 71% of personnel had a bachelor’s degree, 27% had an associate degree, and 2% had a Master of Science degree. Moreover, 57% of total personnel had less than 10 years of work experience and 43% had more than 10 years of work experience.
Table 1: The demographic characteristics of personnel
| Age (year) | Marital status | Gender | Educational degree | Work experience | |||||||
| 31-53 | 21-30 | Married | Single | Female | Male | Associate degree | Bachelor’s degree | Master of Science degree | Under 10 years | Over 10 years | |
| 25 | 24 | 32 | 17 | 33 | 16 | 13 | 35 | 1 | 28 | 21 | Number |
| 52 | 48 | 66 | 34 | 68 | 32 | 27 | 71 | 2 | 57 | 43 | Percentage |
The relation among variables and personnel’s level of fear are presented in table 2. For the assessment of the relation between variables, the chi-square statistical test was used. According to this test, level of fear had no significant association with variables such as gender, age, education, marital status, and work experience. All P-values of more than 0.05 (P-value>0.05) were considered significant.
Table 2: Relation among variables and personnel’s level of fear
| Variable | Low | High | Total | P-value | |
| Educational degree | Associate degree | 11 | 2 | 13 | 0.364 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 28 | 7 | 35 | ||
| Master of Science degree | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Total | 40 | 9 | 49 | ||
| Age (year) | 21-30 | 18 | 6 | 24 | 0.24 |
| 31-53 | 22 | 3 | 45 | ||
| Total | 40 | 9 | 9 | ||
| Gender | Male | 12 | 4 | 16 | 0.697 |
| Female | 28 | 5 | 33 | ||
| Total | 40 | 9 | 49 | ||
| Marital status | Married | 14 | 3 | 17 | 0.924 |
| Single | 26 | 6 | 32 | ||
| Total | 40 | 9 | 49 | ||
| Work experience | Under 10 years | 21 | 7 | 28 | 0.166 |
| Over 10 years | 19 | 2 | 21 | ||
| Total | 40 | 9 | 49 |
Statistical indicators related to the score of fear for each variable are presented in table 3. The analyzed data showed that the level of fear of radiation was low among 81.6% of personnel and the level of fear of radiation was high among 18.4% of personnel.
Table 3: Statistical indicators related to the score of fear for each variable
| Variables | Mean | Standard deviation | P | |
| Educational degree | Associate degree | 38.15 | 4.61 | 0.89 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 38.60 | 5.87 | ||
| Master of Science degree | 37 | 0 | ||
| Age (year) | 21-30 | 38.45 | 5.50 | 0.63 |
| 31-53 | 38.12 | 5.75 | ||
| Gender | Male | 38.75 | 7.01 | 0.77 |
| Female | 38.30 | 4.64 | ||
| Marital status | Married | 38.58 | 5.45 | 0.89 |
| Single | 38.37 | 5.55 | ||
| Work experience | Under 10 years | 38.82 | 5.86 | 0.46 |
| Over 10 years | 37.95 | 4.97 |
Discussion
Johson conducted a study on public fear of radiation in 2011 (11). Although radiation is deadly in very specific circumstances, there is public fear of radiation because of the existing myths about radiation; thus, this fear can be decreased by enhancement of the level of knowledge (11). As an example, the Chernobyl incident in recent years has caused a public fear of radiation (12).
Gheledof et al., in their study about fear of working in proximity to radiation, concluded that the difficult working conditions have caused fear of radiation (13).
Pastel et al. investigated the fear of radiation among the U.S. military medical personnel (14). The questionnaires were completed by the personnel before and after 3 days of education on radiation. The results showed a positive correlation between increasing knowledge on radiation and more positive attitudes (14). Another study on fear of radiation during work with portable radiography was performed by Grazer et al. (15). Their results indicated that standing at an appropriate distance, using an apron, and taking care of the patient can decrease radiation dose (15). Balter studied fluoroscopic personal radiation protection equipment, and showed that unwarranted radiation fears should not drive the radiation protection system to the point of decreasing overall safety (16). The study by Shakerian et al. on radiation fear in Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia, showed that concerns regarding fetal radiation have resulted in a low rate of compliance with recommended trauma guidelines in their institution (17). The fear of radiation in treatment with iodine-131 may be successfully managed by rational, authoritative, and empathic explanation on the definition of the risk, and gain patients’ willing acceptance within the context of domiciliary patient care (18).
Conclusion
The radiology personnel work with X-ray equipment continuously, and fear may have negative effects on their function. A large number of personnel dislike performing portable radiography; this may be due to their fear of radiation. Younger personnel with little work experience, in comparison with older personnel, showed higher level of fear. The results show that increase in staff’s awareness regarding radiation can reduce fear of radiation. In addition, courses on radiation protection can be useful for personnel. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the mean very low and low level of fear of radiation among radiology personnel in hospitals in Hamadan was 15.73% and 16.58%, respectively. Moreover, fear had no significant relationship with other variables such as gender, age, education, marital status, and work experience. Therefore, the findings in this research show that further research is necessary on this topic (P > 0.05).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Hamadan University of Medical Sciences for funding this work, and the personnel of the radiology department of hospitals in Hamadan for their kind assistance in completing the questionnaires.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Johson conducted a study on public fear of radiation in 2011 (11). Although radiation is deadly in very specific circumstances, there is public fear of radiation because of the existing myths about radiation; thus, this fear can be decreased by enhancement of the level of knowledge (11). As an example, the Chernobyl incident in recent years has caused a public fear of radiation (12).
Gheledof et al., in their study about fear of working in proximity to radiation, concluded that the difficult working conditions have caused fear of radiation (13).
Pastel et al. investigated the fear of radiation among the U.S. military medical personnel (14). The questionnaires were completed by the personnel before and after 3 days of education on radiation. The results showed a positive correlation between increasing knowledge on radiation and more positive attitudes (14). Another study on fear of radiation during work with portable radiography was performed by Grazer et al. (15). Their results indicated that standing at an appropriate distance, using an apron, and taking care of the patient can decrease radiation dose (15). Balter studied fluoroscopic personal radiation protection equipment, and showed that unwarranted radiation fears should not drive the radiation protection system to the point of decreasing overall safety (16). The study by Shakerian et al. on radiation fear in Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia, showed that concerns regarding fetal radiation have resulted in a low rate of compliance with recommended trauma guidelines in their institution (17). The fear of radiation in treatment with iodine-131 may be successfully managed by rational, authoritative, and empathic explanation on the definition of the risk, and gain patients’ willing acceptance within the context of domiciliary patient care (18).
Conclusion
The radiology personnel work with X-ray equipment continuously, and fear may have negative effects on their function. A large number of personnel dislike performing portable radiography; this may be due to their fear of radiation. Younger personnel with little work experience, in comparison with older personnel, showed higher level of fear. The results show that increase in staff’s awareness regarding radiation can reduce fear of radiation. In addition, courses on radiation protection can be useful for personnel. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the mean very low and low level of fear of radiation among radiology personnel in hospitals in Hamadan was 15.73% and 16.58%, respectively. Moreover, fear had no significant relationship with other variables such as gender, age, education, marital status, and work experience. Therefore, the findings in this research show that further research is necessary on this topic (P > 0.05).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Hamadan University of Medical Sciences for funding this work, and the personnel of the radiology department of hospitals in Hamadan for their kind assistance in completing the questionnaires.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
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